κτῆνος

a beast of burden

Definition

κτῆνος refers to a domesticated animal, specifically a beast of burden used for work or transport. In the New Testament, it most commonly denotes pack animals like horses, mules, or donkeys, which were essential for travel and carrying goods, as seen when the Good Samaritan places the injured man on his own κτῆνος (Luke 10:34). The word can also encompass livestock more broadly, as in 1 Corinthians 15:39, where it distinguishes the 'flesh of beasts' from that of humans, birds, and fish. In Revelation 18:13, it appears in a merchant's list of cargo, highlighting its economic value as a commodity.

Biblical Usage

This noun is used four times in the New Testament, appearing in narrative, epistolary, and apocalyptic contexts. In Luke 10:34, it functions practically in a parable, denoting the animal used for transport. Acts 23:24 uses it similarly, referring to the beasts provided to carry the apostle Paul safely to the governor. The usage in 1 Corinthians 15:39 is more categorical, classifying different types of physical bodies. Finally, in Revelation 18:13, it is part of a prophetic indictment against Babylon's materialistic trade.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb κτάομαι (ktaomai, G2932), meaning 'to acquire' or 'to possess.' Thus, κτῆνος fundamentally means 'a possession' or 'property,' specifically referring to acquired livestock. This root connects the word to the idea of domestic animals as valuable assets and essential property in an agrarian society.

Semantic Range

While primarily a practical term, κτῆνος gains theological significance in its contrast between human and animal nature. In 1 Corinthians 15:39, Paul uses it to illustrate the diversity of God's created order and to argue for the uniqueness of the spiritual, resurrection body believers will receive. This distinction underscores humanity's special place in creation and the transformative nature of the resurrection.

In the first-century Greco-Roman world, a κτῆνος was a vital economic asset and a necessity for travel, trade, and agriculture. Unlike modern vehicles, these animals were the primary means of long-distance land transport and heavy labor. Their inclusion in a merchant's inventory (Revelation 18:13) underscores they were standard trade goods, reflecting a pre-industrial economy built on animal power.

θηρίον (thērion, G2342) — a wild beast or dangerous animal, often with negative connotations. ζῷον (zōon, G2226) — a living creature, a broader term encompassing all animals, including those in visions (e.g., Revelation 4).

Word Details

Scripture References