λιμός

a famine, hunger

Definition

The Greek word λιμός (limos) primarily means 'famine' or 'hunger.' In the New Testament, it most often refers to a severe, widespread scarcity of food, as seen in the prophetic warnings of famines in Matthew 24:7 and Luke 21:11. It can also denote the personal experience of hunger or starvation, as in the story of the Prodigal Son who was in 'dire need' (Luke 15:14, 17). In Acts 11:28, it specifically prophesies a great famine that would affect the entire Roman world, showing its scale and impact.

Biblical Usage

Λιμός is used 12 times in the New Testament, appearing in the Gospels, Acts, and Revelation. It is frequently found in eschatological discourses by Jesus, listing famines among the signs of the end times (Matthew 24:7, Mark 13:8, Luke 21:11). It also appears in historical narratives describing actual famines, such as in Egypt (Acts 7:11) and the prophecy by Agabus (Acts 11:28). In Luke's Gospel, it is used in parables to depict severe physical deprivation (Luke 15:14, 17; 4:25).

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek λιμός, meaning 'hunger' or 'famine.' It is a primary noun with cognates in other Indo-European languages. The word's meaning remained consistent from classical through Koine Greek, specifically denoting a lack of food, whether on an individual or societal scale.

Semantic Range

Λιμός is theologically significant as it is often used in prophetic and apocalyptic contexts as a sign of God's judgment or the 'birth pains' preceding the end times (Matthew 24:7-8). It underscores the physical consequences of a fallen world and human sin, while also pointing to God's sovereignty over creation and history, as seen in His forewarning through prophets (Acts 11:28). Understanding this term enriches reading by highlighting how physical need can serve as a backdrop for spiritual lessons on dependence, judgment, and providence.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, famine was a recurring and catastrophic reality, far more devastating than in most modern contexts due to limited transportation and food preservation. A λιμός meant not just high prices, but mass starvation, social upheaval, and death. It was often viewed as a divine judgment or omen. This deep cultural fear and understanding amplify the weight of its biblical usage.

πεινάω (peinaō, G3983) — a verb meaning 'to be hungry,' focusing on the sensation or state of hunger. λιμός is the noun for the condition or event itself.

Word Details

Scripture References