μήτρα

the womb

Definition

The Greek word μήτρα specifically refers to the physical womb or uterus. In the New Testament, it is used in its literal, anatomical sense to denote the female organ of conception and gestation. In Luke 2:23, it is used in the phrase 'every male who opens the womb,' referencing the Mosaic law concerning the consecration of firstborn sons. In Romans 4:19, it describes Sarah's womb, which was considered 'dead' or barren due to her old age, highlighting the miraculous nature of God's promise.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only twice in the New Testament, both times in its literal sense. It is used in a legal/ritual context in Luke 2:23, quoting from the Old Testament law (Exodus 13:2). In Romans 4:19, it is used in a theological narrative context to emphasize the human impossibility and divine power involved in the fulfillment of God's covenant promise to Abraham and Sarah.

Etymology

The noun μήτρα (mētra) is derived from the Greek word μήτηρ (mētēr), meaning 'mother.' It is a primary, concrete term for the womb, directly linking the organ to the concept of motherhood. Related English medical terms like 'metritis' (inflammation of the uterus) derive from this Greek root.

Semantic Range

While a biological term, μήτρα carries theological weight in its contexts. In Romans 4:19, it is central to Paul's argument about justification by faith. The 'deadness' of Sarah's womb underscores that Isaac's birth was a result of God's faithfulness and power, not human capability, making it a powerful metaphor for God's ability to bring life from impossibility. This enriches the reading of God's covenant promises.

In the ancient Greco-Roman and Jewish worlds, the womb was intimately connected with concepts of lineage, blessing, and divine favor or disfavor. Barrenness was often seen as a sign of disfavor or curse (Genesis 16:2; 1 Samuel 1:5-6). Therefore, the opening of a womb, especially after barrenness, was a powerful sign of God's intervention and blessing, making the miraculous conception of Isaac and the birth of Jesus (as the 'firstborn' who opens the womb) profoundly significant events.

γαστήρ (gastēr, G1064) — A broader term that can mean 'stomach,' 'belly,' or 'womb,' often used in a more general or figurative sense (e.g., Matthew 12:40; Revelation 10:9-10). κοιλία (koilia, G2836) — Another general term for 'cavity,' commonly meaning 'belly,' 'stomach,' or 'womb'; it is used more frequently and can have metaphorical meanings like the 'inner being' (e.g., John 7:38).

Word Details

Scripture References