μοιχός

an adulterer

Definition

In the New Testament, μοιχός specifically denotes a man who commits adultery, which is sexual unfaithfulness with another man's wife. This term is used in both literal and metaphorical senses. Literally, it describes the act of adultery as a violation of the seventh commandment (Luke 18:11, Hebrews 13:4). Metaphorically, it describes spiritual unfaithfulness to God, as when James 4:4 calls those who love the world 'adulterers' for being unfaithful to their covenant relationship with God.

Biblical Usage

The word appears four times, always in ethical or moral exhortation contexts. In Luke 18:11, it is used in a Pharisee's self-righteous prayer contrasting himself with 'adulterers.' Paul lists 'adulterers' among those who will not inherit God's kingdom (1 Corinthians 6:9). Hebrews 13:4 warns that God will judge the adulterer. James 4:4 uniquely applies the term spiritually, rebuking those whose friendship with the world makes them 'adulterers' against God.

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek verb μοιχάομαι (moichaomai), meaning 'to commit adultery.' The root is connected to the concept of illicit sexual intercourse, specifically with a married woman. It is the standard Greek term for a male adulterer, corresponding to the feminine form μοιχαλίς (moichalis).

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it defines a key breach of God's covenant law, impacting both human relationships and the divine-human relationship. Literal adultery violates the marriage covenant (Exodus 20:14), which serves as a biblical metaphor for God's covenant with His people (e.g., Hosea, Ezekiel 16). Understanding μοιχός enriches reading by highlighting how physical sin mirrors spiritual infidelity; breaking faith with a spouse parallels idolatry and breaking faith with God (James 4:4). It underscores the seriousness of sin and the call to exclusive devotion.

In the Greco-Roman and Jewish world, adultery was understood primarily as a property crime against another man—violating his exclusive sexual rights to his wife. The cultural focus was on the violation of the husband's rights, differing from some modern understandings that emphasize mutual betrayal within a marriage covenant. The Old Testament penalty was death for both parties (Leviticus 20:10), reflecting its gravity.

πορνεία (porneia, G4202) — broader term for sexual immorality, including but not limited to adultery. μοιχαλίς (moichalis, G3428) — the feminine form, 'adulteress.'

Word Details

Scripture References