מֹר

myrrh (as distilling in drops, and also as bitter)

Definition

מֹר (môr) refers to myrrh, a fragrant resin harvested from the Commiphora tree, known for its bitter taste and aromatic properties. In the Bible, it primarily denotes a valuable spice used in sacred anointing oil (Exodus 30:23), as a perfume or cosmetic (Esther 2:12, Proverbs 7:17), and as a symbol of love and beauty in the Song of Solomon (Song of Solomon 1:13, 4:6, 4:14). Its dual nature—both fragrant and bitter—often carries symbolic weight, representing both delight and suffering.

Biblical Usage

Myrrh appears in various contexts across the Old Testament. It is used in religious ritual as an ingredient in the holy anointing oil (Exodus 30:23). In wisdom and poetic literature, it describes personal adornment and sensual love (Proverbs 7:17, Song of Solomon 1:13, 3:6, 4:6, 4:14). It also appears in the royal context of Esther's beauty treatments (Esther 2:12) and as a metaphor for the king's garments in Psalm 45:8. Its usage is concentrated in the Song of Solomon, emphasizing its association with intimacy and value.

Etymology

The noun מֹר (môr) derives from the root מָרַר (H4843, mārar), meaning 'to be bitter.' This etymological connection highlights myrrh's characteristic bitter taste. The word is related to the Akkadian 'murru' and Arabic 'murr,' both meaning 'bitter,' confirming its ancient Semitic roots as a bitter substance.

Semantic Range

Myrrh holds theological significance as a component of the holy anointing oil, setting apart people and objects for God's service (Exodus 30:23-25). Its presence in the Song of Solomon symbolizes the preciousness and beauty of covenantal love, which can reflect God's love for His people. In Psalm 45:8, its fragrance on the king's garments points to messianic joy and honor. The bitter origin of its name can also prefigure suffering, enriching its symbolic use in Scripture where joy and sacrifice intertwine.

In the ancient Near East, myrrh was an extremely valuable trade commodity, often more precious than gold. It was used medicinally, as a perfume, in embalming, and in religious rituals. Its expense meant it was associated with royalty, wealth, and sacred ceremonies. Modern readers might overlook its immense economic and cultural value, seeing it merely as a pleasant scent, whereas in biblical times it signified great honor, devotion, and luxury.

לְבוֹנָה (lᵊḇônâ, H3828) — frankincense; another costly aromatic resin often paired with myrrh but used more specifically in incense offerings. בֹּשֶׂם (bōśem, H1314) — general term for spice or perfume; a broader category that includes myrrh. נְכֹאת (nᵊḵōʾṯ, H5219) — spicery or aromatic gum; a general term for precious spices including myrrh (Genesis 37:25).

Word Details

Scripture References