נַגָּח
butting, i.e. vicious
Definition
נַגָּח (naggâch) is a Hebrew noun meaning 'butting' or 'given to goring.' It describes an animal, specifically an ox, that has a known habit or propensity to attack by thrusting its horns. The term implies a repeated, dangerous behavior, not a single accidental incident. In its two biblical occurrences (Exodus 21:29, 21:36), it refers to an ox legally designated as 'vicious' or 'accustomed to gore' due to its past actions, which triggers specific legal and financial responsibilities for its owner.
Biblical Usage
This word is used exclusively in the legal context of Exodus 21, within the 'Covenant Code' detailing laws for Israelite society. It appears twice to define a specific category of livestock: an ox that is 'wont to push' or 'accustomed to goring' (KJV). Its usage establishes a legal standard of known danger and owner negligence. In Exodus 21:29, if such an ox kills a person, the owner is held liable. In Exodus 21:36, the law stipulates full restitution if this ox kills another ox.
Etymology
Derived from the root verb נָגַח (nāgach, H5055), which means 'to gore,' 'to push,' or 'to strike with the horns.' נַגָּח is the active participle form used as a noun, literally meaning 'a gorer' or 'one who gores.' This root is used elsewhere for violent thrusting (e.g., Deuteronomy 33:17). The noun form specifically denotes the characteristic or habitual nature of the action.
Semantic Range
This term is theologically significant as it underpins the biblical concept of moral and legal responsibility. The law distinguishes between accidental harm and harm caused by known, unaddressed danger (Exodus 21:28-29, 36). This reflects God's concern for justice, the protection of human life, and the principle that knowledge creates accountability. Understanding this Hebrew term enriches reading by highlighting how biblical law sought to prevent negligence and promote a responsible, vigilant community.
In an ancient agrarian society, livestock like oxen were essential assets but also potential dangers. An ox 'accustomed to goring' (naggâch) was a well-known threat in village and farm life. The legal designation was not based on the animal's breed but on its documented behavior, showing a practical understanding of animal husbandry and risk management. This cultural reality made the related laws immediately relevant and understandable to the original audience.
רַע (raʿ, H7451) — A more general term for 'bad' or 'evil,' which can describe bad animals (Genesis 41:3-4) but lacks the specific legal connotation of a habitually goring ox. פָּרַץ (pārats, H6555) — Means 'to break through' or 'to burst out,' sometimes used for violent animal behavior, but focuses on the act of breaking containment rather than the specific action of goring.
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
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