ὄρνις
a bird, fowl, hen
Definition
The Greek word ὄρνις is a general term for a bird or fowl, often referring to domestic poultry like a hen. In the New Testament, it specifically denotes a mother hen in both of its occurrences, used by Jesus in a metaphorical sense. In Matthew 23:37 and Luke 13:34, Jesus laments over Jerusalem, comparing his protective desire for its people to a hen gathering her chicks under her wings. This imagery emphasizes care, shelter, and maternal protection rather than just the generic animal.
Biblical Usage
ὄρνις is used only twice in the New Testament, both in parallel passages where Jesus speaks a lament. It appears in the Gospels of Matthew (23:37) and Luke (13:34) within prophetic oracles of judgment and compassion. The usage is consistently metaphorical, depicting Jesus' yearning to protect and gather the people of Jerusalem, highlighting a pattern of divine compassion amidst rejection.
Etymology
Derived from the ancient Greek root ὄρνις, meaning 'bird.' It is a common, longstanding term in Greek with cognates in other Indo-European languages. The word itself does not have a complex derivation but belongs to a family of words related to birds and flight in classical Greek literature.
Semantic Range
This word is theologically significant as it provides one of the few feminine images Jesus uses for himself and God's action. The metaphor in Matthew 23:37 and Luke 13:34 reveals God's compassionate, nurturing, and protective character, especially toward the rebellious. It enriches reading by highlighting the depth of divine sorrow and the offer of refuge, contrasting with the stern judgment pronounced in the same contexts.
In the ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman world, a hen gathering chicks was a familiar, domestic image of protection against predators like hawks. This metaphor would resonate immediately with Jesus' agrarian audience, conveying a sense of vulnerable, active care. The modern understanding of a 'bird' might be more generic or wild, but the original context specifies a nurturing, domestic fowl.
πετεινόν (peteinon, G4071) — a more general term for birds or flying creatures, often used for wild birds or in lists of animals. στρουθίον (strouthion, G4765) — specifically refers to a sparrow, emphasizing smallness and insignificance.
Word Details
How this works
Definitions are from the Dodson Greek-English Lexicon, a concise public-domain resource suitable for introductory word study. Brief glosses are supplemented by STEPBible TBESG data (CC BY 4.0). For advanced research, standard scholarly references include BDAG (Danker, 3rd ed.) and LSJ.
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