περί

about, concerning, around

Definition

The preposition περί (peri) primarily means 'about' or 'concerning' when used with the genitive case, indicating the subject matter of speech, thought, or action, as in discussing 'concerning the kingdom' (Matthew 13:41). When used with the accusative case, it often carries a spatial sense of 'around' or physical proximity, such as John the Baptist's leather belt 'around' his waist (Matthew 3:4). It can also denote 'on behalf of' someone, as in prayers offered for others (e.g., John 17:9). In some contexts, especially with time or measure, it means 'approximately,' like the 'about' the sixth hour in John 4:6.

Biblical Usage

περί is used frequently throughout the New Testament (303 times), appearing in narrative, discourse, and epistolary literature. It is common in the Gospels and Acts when introducing topics of teaching or inquiry (e.g., Matthew 2:8, Acts 19:8). In the epistles, especially Paul's letters, it often frames theological discussions, such as 'concerning spiritual gifts' (1 Corinthians 12:1) or 'concerning the coming of our Lord' (1 Thessalonians 4:15). The accusative for physical 'around' is less frequent but vivid, as seen in descriptions like the crowd 'around' Jesus (Mark 3:34).

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek preposition περί, which has Indo-European roots related to the concept of 'around' or 'over.' It is a primary, indeclinable preposition in Greek, with cognates in other languages carrying similar spatial and metaphorical senses. Its core meaning of 'around' expanded in usage to include figurative senses like 'concerning,' a development already present in classical Greek and fully carried into Koine.

Semantic Range

While a common preposition, περί is theologically significant as it frequently introduces the central subjects of apostolic teaching and Christ's ministry. It frames discussions about Christ's identity (John 8:18), his sacrificial work 'for' sin (Hebrews 10:26), and key Christian doctrines. Understanding its range—from concrete 'around' to abstract 'concerning'—helps readers discern whether a passage is describing physical circumstance or theological topic, enriching the precision of interpretation.

In the Greco-Roman world, περί was a standard preposition in both common and literary speech, with no significant cultural nuance distinct from its linguistic function. Its usage in the New Testament aligns with general Koine Greek conventions of the time.

ὑπέρ (hyper, G5228) — often 'for' or 'on behalf of,' with a stronger sense of representation or benefit. εἰς (eis, G1519) — 'into' or 'for,' indicating direction or purpose, less about topic. ἐν (en, G1722) — 'in,' denoting location or sphere, not subject matter.

Word Details

Scripture References