περισσότερος

greater, more

Definition

περισσότερος is the comparative form of the adjective περισσός, meaning 'abundant' or 'superfluous.' It carries the core sense of 'greater,' 'more,' or 'more abundant,' often implying a degree that exceeds what is ordinary or expected. In the New Testament, it can denote a quantitative increase, as in having 'more' commandments (Matthew 5:20), or a qualitative superiority, such as a 'greater' condemnation (Matthew 23:14). It is also used to express a heightened degree of action or state, like loving 'more' (Luke 7:42-43).

Biblical Usage

This comparative adjective appears primarily in the Gospels and Paul's letters, often in contexts of comparison, judgment, or spiritual abundance. In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus uses it to contrast the righteousness required for the kingdom with that of the scribes and Pharisees (Matthew 5:20) and to speak of greater condemnation for hypocrisy (Matthew 23:14, Mark 12:40, Luke 20:47). In Luke 7:42-43, it illustrates a parable about greater love flowing from greater forgiveness. Paul employs it to describe a 'more abundant' labor (1 Corinthians 15:10) and a 'more severe' punishment (2 Corinthians 2:6).

Etymology

Derived from περί (peri), meaning 'around,' 'about,' or 'beyond,' combined with the comparative suffix -ότερος. The root περισσός already implies abundance or excess, so the comparative form intensifies this to mean 'more abundant' or 'greater than.' It is related to the verb περισσεύω (perisseuō, G4052), meaning 'to abound' or 'to exceed.'

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it frequently marks the surpassing nature of God's kingdom and its demands compared to human standards. It underscores the heightened responsibility and potential condemnation for those with greater knowledge or privilege (e.g., religious leaders). Conversely, it also points to the superabundant grace and love experienced in Christ, which exceeds ordinary measure. Understanding this comparative helps readers grasp the Bible's emphasis on a righteousness and love that far surpasses mere external compliance.

In the Greco-Roman world, comparative language was used in philosophical and ethical discussions to rank virtues, vices, and obligations. Jesus' use of 'greater' righteousness or condemnation would resonate in a culture familiar with debates about superior moral standards. The term's connection to abundance also taps into ancient economic and agricultural metaphors for blessing and productivity.

μείζων (meizōn, G3187) — Often denotes 'greater' in size, importance, or age; more general. πλεῖον (pleion, G4119) — Primarily 'more' in a quantitative or numerical sense. ὑπερβάλλω (hyperballō, G5235) — A verb meaning 'to surpass' or 'exceed,' emphasizing going beyond limits.

Word Details