φύλλον

a leaf

Definition

The Greek word φύλλον (phyllon) primarily means 'a leaf' or 'foliage' of a tree or plant. In the New Testament, it consistently refers to literal leaves, such as the leaves of a fig tree (Matthew 21:19, Mark 11:13) or the leaves that appear as a sign of summer on a fig tree (Matthew 24:32, Mark 13:28). In Revelation 22:2, it takes on a symbolic dimension, describing the leaves of the tree of life which are 'for the healing of the nations.' This usage extends the meaning from simple botanical reference to an eschatological symbol of restoration and life.

Biblical Usage

φύλλον is used five times in the New Testament, appearing in the Gospels and Revelation. In the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew and Mark), it is used in straightforward botanical contexts, often concerning fig trees. Jesus looks for fruit on a fig tree but finds only leaves (Matthew 21:19, Mark 11:13), and he uses the sprouting leaves of a fig tree as a parable for recognizing the signs of the times (Matthew 24:32, Mark 13:28). In Revelation 22:2, its usage is visionary and symbolic, describing the perpetual, healing foliage of the heavenly tree of life.

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek φύλλον (phyllon), meaning 'leaf.' It is related to the verb φύω (phyō), meaning 'to bring forth, produce, grow,' indicating its connection to natural growth and vegetation. This root is also seen in English scientific terms like 'chlorophyll' (green leaf) and 'phyllotaxy' (leaf arrangement).

Semantic Range

While primarily a simple noun, φύλλον gains theological significance in Revelation 22:2. Here, the leaves are not merely botanical but are instruments of divine healing in the New Creation, symbolizing the complete restoration and eternal life offered through Christ. This contrasts with the barren leaves of the fig tree in the Gospels, which symbolize spiritual emptiness or hypocrisy (Matthew 21:19). Understanding this Greek term highlights the biblical theme of life—from deceptive outward appearance to genuine, everlasting healing.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, the fig tree was a common and important source of food. Its leafy appearance in spring was a reliable, proverbial sign that summer was near (Matthew 24:32). A fig tree in full leaf at the Passover season (Mark 11:13) would normally indicate that edible early figs were present, making its fruitlessness surprising. This cultural detail underscores the symbolism in Jesus' cursing of the fig tree as an act of judgment on empty religious observance.

κλάδος (klados, G2798) — a branch or shoot, a larger part of a plant. χλόη (chlōē, G5515) — green grass or young vegetation, often referring to a field or pasture.

Word Details

Scripture References