πίναξ

a plate, platter

Definition

The Greek word πίναξ (pinax) primarily refers to a flat, broad object used for serving food, such as a plate, platter, or dish. In the New Testament, it is used specifically for the platter on which the head of John the Baptist was presented to Herodias's daughter (Matthew 14:8, 11; Mark 6:25, 28). In a different context, Jesus uses the word metaphorically in Luke 11:39 to criticize the Pharisees for cleaning the outside of their 'dish' (πίναξ) while being full of greed and wickedness inside, highlighting a contrast between external ritual and internal corruption.

Biblical Usage

The word πίναξ appears five times in the New Testament, exclusively in the Gospels. Its usage is split between two distinct contexts. In the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew and Mark), it refers literally to the platter used in the gruesome presentation of John the Baptist's head (Matthew 14:8, 11; Mark 6:25, 28). In Luke's Gospel, Jesus employs the word in a metaphorical rebuke, comparing the Pharisees to a cleaned dish that is filthy inside (Luke 11:39). This shows the word could be used for both a literal serving vessel and as a vivid spiritual analogy.

Etymology

The word πίναξ is a native Greek noun. It is related to the verb πήγνυμι (pēgnymi, meaning 'to fix' or 'to make solid'), suggesting the idea of a flat, firm board or tablet. Its meaning developed from a general sense of a flat board or tablet (used for writing or painting) to more specifically denote a flat dish or platter for serving food, which is its sense in the New Testament.

Semantic Range

While πίναξ itself is a common object, its use in Luke 11:39 gives it theological significance. Jesus uses the 'platter' as a metaphor in a sharp critique of hypocrisy, teaching that God values internal purity and justice over external religious observance. Understanding this metaphor enriches the reading of this passage, emphasizing the call to authentic, heart-level righteousness rather than mere ritual cleanliness.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, a πίναξ was a common household item for serving food. It was typically a flat, wooden or metal plate. The cultural shock in the John the Baptist narrative is heightened by the use of this ordinary domestic object for a grotesque purpose, subverting its normal use. In Luke 11:39, Jesus's audience would have immediately understood the reference to the meticulous cleaning of dining dishes according to Jewish ritual law, making his critique of their internal uncleanness all the more powerful.

παραθήκη (parathēkē, G3866) — a deposit or trust; not a synonym for dish. τρύβλιον (tryblion, G5165) — a bowl or dish, but often deeper than a flat πίναξ. βάτος (batos, G943) — a measure for liquids; not a synonym.

Word Details

Scripture References