πλάξ

a tablet, flat surface

Definition

The Greek word πλάξ (plax) refers to a flat, solid surface, most commonly a tablet or slab. In the New Testament, it specifically denotes the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed by God (Hebrews 9:4). In 2 Corinthians 3:3, Paul uses the term metaphorically, contrasting the 'tablets of stone' with the 'tablets of human hearts,' referring to the new covenant work of the Spirit. Thus, its meaning spans from a literal, physical object to a figurative symbol of God's law and its inscription.

Biblical Usage

πλάξ is used only twice in the New Testament, both times in contexts discussing the Mosaic law and covenants. In 2 Corinthians 3:3, Paul employs it metaphorically to describe believers' hearts as the medium for the Spirit's writing, contrasting with the old stone tablets. In Hebrews 9:4, it is used literally to identify the stone tablets of the covenant stored in the Ark of the Covenant. The usage pattern connects the word directly to the concept of divine revelation and covenant documentation.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek root meaning 'flat' or 'broad,' πλάξ is related to the verb πλάσσω (plassō, G4111), meaning 'to mold' or 'form.' This connection highlights the idea of something shaped into a flat plane. The word was used in secular Greek for various flat objects, like a board or slab, but its biblical usage is heavily influenced by the Septuagint (the Greek Old Testament), where it translates the Hebrew 'luchot' for the tablets of the law.

Semantic Range

πλάξ is theologically significant as it anchors discussions of God's law and the contrast between the old and new covenants. In 2 Corinthians 3, the metaphor of the 'tablets of human hearts' versus 'tablets of stone' is central to understanding the new covenant's internal, Spirit-wrought transformation compared to the external law. This enriches reading by highlighting the permanence and personal nature of God's work in believers, moving from stone to the heart.

In the ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman world, tablets of stone or wood coated with wax were common writing surfaces for important, durable records. The 'tablets of stone' (πλάξ) mentioned in the Bible specifically evoke the Sinai covenant, mirroring other ancient treaties inscribed on stone to signify their solemnity and permanence. This cultural practice underscores the weight and authority of the Decalogue as a foundational covenant document.

γράμμα (gramma, G1121) — emphasizes the written letter or content itself, rather than the physical tablet. βιβλίον (biblion, G975) — a scroll or book, a different format for writing. πινακίς (pinakis, G4093) — a writing tablet, often a small, wooden board.

Word Details

Scripture References