πληρόω

I fill, fulfill, complete

Definition

The verb πληρόω means to fill, fulfill, or complete. It often describes bringing something to its intended fullness or conclusion. In a literal sense, it can mean to fill a physical space, like filling a net with fish (Luke 5:7). Its most significant usage is theological, referring to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and scriptures, as seen repeatedly in Matthew's Gospel (e.g., Matthew 1:22, 2:15). It also describes bringing a period of time to its completion (Galatians 4:4) or causing a quality, like joy or the Holy Spirit, to be fully present in someone (Philippians 2:2, Acts 13:52).

Biblical Usage

πληρόω is used 89 times in the New Testament, with a strong concentration in the Gospels (especially Matthew) and the Pauline epistles. In Matthew, it frequently introduces the fulfillment of prophecy (e.g., Matthew 2:17, 4:14). Paul uses it to describe fulfilling the law through love (Romans 13:8), being filled with the Spirit or other virtues (Ephesians 5:18), and the completion of God's purposes (Ephesians 1:23). John uses it for the completion of Jesus' work (John 19:28) and for the believer's joy being made full (John 15:11).

Etymology

Derived from the adjective πλήρης (plērēs, G4134), meaning 'full.' The verb form πληρόω essentially means 'to make full.' This root connection emphasizes the action of bringing something to a state of fullness, completion, or intended purpose, which is central to its biblical usage.

Semantic Range

This word is crucial for understanding the Bible's unity, showing how the New Testament 'fulfills' the Old. It highlights Jesus as the one who completes God's promises and the law (Matthew 5:17). It also describes the Christian life as being 'filled' with God's presence, character, and power (Ephesians 3:19). Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by clarifying that biblical fulfillment is about bringing God's plans to their destined fullness, not merely checking items off a list.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of 'fulfilling' oracles, prophecies, and legal obligations was common. For Jewish readers, the term would resonate deeply with the idea of the Scriptures (the Law and the Prophets) containing promises and patterns that awaited their destined completion. The New Testament authors, particularly Matthew, use this culturally understood concept to argue decisively that Jesus is the climax of the biblical story.

τελέω (teleō, G5055) — emphasizes bringing to an end or finishing a task, more focused on termination. ἀναπληρόω (anaplēroō, G378) — means to fill up or complete in turn, often implying a substitution or filling a lack. πεπλήρωμαι (peplērōmai, passive perfect of πληρόω) — the state of having been filled/completed.

Word Details

Scripture References