Σαμψών

Samson

Definition

Σαμψών is the Greek transliteration of the Hebrew name 'Shimshon' (שִׁמְשׁוֹן), meaning 'little sun' or 'sun-man'. In the New Testament, it refers exclusively to the Old Testament judge Samson, known for his extraordinary physical strength given by God and his dramatic life story of calling, failure, and final redemption. The single New Testament occurrence is in Hebrews 11:32, where he is listed among the heroes of faith. His inclusion highlights that faith, despite personal flaws and failures, is the defining characteristic of God's servants, as his strength was divinely given for Israel's deliverance (Judges 13-16).

Biblical Usage

The word Σαμψών is used only once in the New Testament, in Hebrews 11:32, within the 'Hall of Faith'. Here, the author cites Samson by name as an example of someone who 'through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions...' (Hebrews 11:33). His usage is not to recount his narrative but to categorize him under the theological theme of faith. He is grouped with other judges (Gideon, Barak, Jephthah) and the prophet Samuel, emphasizing their shared role as divinely appointed deliverers in Israel's history.

Etymology

The Greek Σαμψών is a direct transliteration of the Hebrew name שִׁמְשׁוֹן (Shimshon), which is derived from the Hebrew word שֶׁמֶשׁ (shemesh), meaning 'sun'. Thus, the name likely means 'little sun,' 'sunny,' or 'man of the sun.' The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) consistently uses Σαμψών, which the New Testament author of Hebrews adopts directly. The name's connection to the sun may allude to brilliance or strength, fitting his narrative.

Semantic Range

Samson's inclusion in Hebrews 11 is theologically significant. It demonstrates that biblical 'faith' (πίστις, G4102) is not synonymous with moral perfection but with reliance on God's promises and power, even amidst profound personal weakness and failure. His story underscores God's sovereignty in using flawed individuals to accomplish His redemptive purposes. Understanding the Greek name connects the New Testament's theology of faith directly to the Old Testament narrative, enriching the reader's view of the unity of Scripture and the grace extended to its heroes.

For a first-century Jewish or Greco-Roman reader, 'Samson' would immediately evoke the popular and dramatic story from the Book of Judges. He was a cultural symbol of superhuman strength, divinely sourced, and tragic personal downfall due to passion and betrayal. His inclusion in a list of faith exemplars might have been surprising to some, given his moral failings, which highlights the New Testament's redefinition of faith as God-centered trust rather than flawlessness. His Nazirite vow (Numbers 6) also carried specific cultural and religious weight regarding consecration to God.

κριτής (kritēs, G2923) — A general term for 'judge'; Samson was one of the κριταί of Israel, but Σαμψών specifies the individual. ἥρως (hērōs) — A Greek term for a hero or mighty warrior; while not a biblical synonym, it captures the cultural perception of Samson's legendary strength.

Word Details

Scripture References