σάρδιον

carnelian

Definition

Σάρδιον (sardion) refers to a precious stone, specifically carnelian, a reddish-brown variety of chalcedony. In the Bible, it is mentioned only once as the sixth foundation stone of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21:20. The term denotes a specific, valuable gemstone used in high-status decorative and symbolic contexts, particularly in descriptions of divine glory and heavenly construction. Its singular biblical appearance is in an apocalyptic vision, emphasizing beauty and permanence.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in the book of Revelation. It appears in the detailed description of the New Jerusalem's foundations, which are adorned with twelve precious stones (Revelation 21:19-20). Here, σάρδιον is listed as the sixth foundation, following the pattern of other gems in a sequence meant to convey transcendent splendor and divine craftsmanship. Its usage is purely descriptive within a prophetic, symbolic vision.

Etymology

The word σάρδιον is a Greek noun derived from Σάρδεις (Sardis), an ancient city in Lydia (modern Turkey), which was a known source or market for this stone. It is related to the Latin 'sardius' and the Hebrew 'odem' (אֹדֶם, H124), often translated as 'sardius' or 'ruby.' The name indicates the stone's geographic association and trade origin.

Semantic Range

Though mentioned only once, σάρδιοn carries theological weight as part of the symbolic architecture of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21:20. It contributes to the vision of God's perfected, glorious creation, representing the beauty, durability, and priceless value of the eternal city prepared for God's people. Understanding it as a specific, prized gem enriches the imagery of divine splendor and the fulfillment of God's promises.

In the ancient world, carnelian was a highly valued gemstone used in jewelry, seals, and ornamentation, prized for its rich color and durability. Its association with Sardis points to ancient trade routes and luxury goods. In biblical symbolism, precious stones often signified royalty, priesthood, and divine presence (cf. Exodus 28:17-20, Ezekiel 28:13), so its inclusion in Revelation taps into this cultural understanding of gems as markers of honor and celestial reality.

σμάραγδος (smaragdos, G4665) — emerald, a green precious stone also listed in Revelation 21:19. ἴασπις (iaspis, G2393) — jasper, another foundational stone in Revelation 21:19, often noted for its brightness.

Word Details

Scripture References