σαρδόνυξ

sardonyx

Definition

Sardonyx is a semi-precious stone, a layered variety of onyx and sard (carnelian), characterized by alternating bands of reddish-brown and white. In the ancient world, it was highly valued for cameos and intaglios due to its contrasting layers, which allowed artisans to carve designs that stood out in relief. In the Bible, it appears only in Revelation 21:20, where it is listed as the fifth foundation stone of the New Jerusalem's wall. The text does not assign a specific symbolic meaning to the sardonyx itself, but it is part of a symbolic collection representing the glory, beauty, and perfection of God's eternal city.

Biblical Usage

The word σαρδόνυξ is used only once in the New Testament, in Revelation 21:20. It is part of the detailed description of the New Jerusalem, specifically as one of the twelve foundation stones adorning the wall of the holy city. Its usage is purely descriptive within a visionary, symbolic list intended to convey immense value and divine craftsmanship.

Etymology

The word σαρδόνυξ is a compound of two Greek words: 'σάρδιον' (sardion, G4555), meaning 'sard' or 'carnelian' (a red stone), and 'ὄνυξ' (onyx, G4558), meaning 'onyx' (a layered stone, often black and white). The name directly describes the stone's composition—a banded stone combining the qualities of sard and onyx.

Semantic Range

While the sardonyx itself is not given explicit theological meaning, its inclusion among the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:19-20) contributes to a major theological theme: the surpassing glory and perfection of God's eternal kingdom. The twelve stones, echoing the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles, symbolize the complete and glorious foundation of God's people. Understanding that this was a recognizable, valuable gem to the original audience enriches our reading by emphasizing that the future God prepares is built with the finest materials, reflecting His majesty and the priceless value of His redeemed community.

In the first-century Greco-Roman world, sardonyx was a prized gemstone used extensively in jewelry and engraved seals. Its distinct layers made it ideal for carving cameos, where a figure in one color was set against a background of another. This cultural association with artistry, value, and identity (through seals) forms the backdrop for its use in Revelation. The original readers would have immediately recognized it as a symbol of great beauty and craftsmanship, amplifying the vision's splendor.

σάρδιον (sardion, G4555) — Refers specifically to the red component (carnelian) of sardonyx. ὄνυξ (onyx, G4558) — Refers to the layered stone, often banded, which is the other component.

Word Details

Scripture References