σκανδαλίζω

I cause to stumble

Definition

The verb σκανδαλίζω primarily means to cause someone to stumble, fall, or sin. It describes setting a trap or obstacle that leads another person into spiritual failure or moral offense (Matthew 18:6). In a broader sense, it can mean to shock, offend, or cause someone to become indignant, often in response to Jesus' teachings or actions (Matthew 13:57, 15:12). It also refers to causing oneself to stumble into sin, as in the drastic call to remove whatever causes personal spiritual downfall (Matthew 5:29-30).

Biblical Usage

This verb is used 27 times in the New Testament, predominantly in the Gospels (especially Matthew) and once in 1 Corinthians. It frequently appears in Jesus' teachings about causing 'little ones' to sin (Matthew 18:6), the dangers of personal temptation (Matthew 5:29-30), and people being offended by him (Matthew 11:6, 13:57). It describes both the active causing of another's spiritual stumble and the passive experience of taking offense.

Etymology

Derived from the noun σκάνδαλον (G4625), meaning a 'stumbling block' or 'trap.' The root imagery is of a bent stick or trigger mechanism of a trap. The meaning developed from a literal physical snare to a metaphor for any cause of spiritual or moral downfall.

Semantic Range

This word is central to the biblical concept of sin and discipleship. It highlights the seriousness of causing others to fall away from faith and the radical personal holiness required to avoid sin. Understanding σκανδαλίζω enriches reading by revealing that 'offense' in these passages is not mere hurt feelings but a potentially eternal spiritual catastrophe. It connects to doctrines of sin, sanctification, and Christian responsibility.

In a 1st-century setting, a 'σκάνδαλον' was a known trap mechanism. The metaphor would be immediately vivid: causing someone to sin is like setting a hidden snare for them. This contrasts with a modern, diluted sense of 'offend' as merely causing mild displeasure or disagreement.

πταίω (G4417) — to stumble or trip, often more literal or less severe; πλανάω (G4105) — to lead astray or deceive, focusing on error rather than a fall; ἀσθενέω (G770) — to be weak or sick, a potential result of being caused to stumble.

Word Details

Scripture References