σπῖλος

a spot, fault

Definition

The Greek word σπῖλος (spilos) primarily means a 'spot,' 'stain,' or 'blemish.' In its literal sense, it refers to a physical mark or defect, but in the New Testament, it is used metaphorically to describe moral or spiritual flaws. In Ephesians 5:27, it describes the church as presented to Christ 'without spot or wrinkle,' emphasizing moral purity and perfection. In 2 Peter 2:13, it characterizes false teachers as 'spots and blemishes,' highlighting their moral corruption and disgrace within the Christian community.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only twice in the New Testament, both times in a negative, metaphorical sense. In Ephesians 5:27, it is used positively in a comparison, describing the ideal, unblemished state of the church. In 2 Peter 2:13, it is used as a direct accusation against immoral false teachers. Both usages employ the term to signify a moral defect that mars an otherwise pure entity, whether a community or an individual's character.

Etymology

Derived from the common Greek noun σπῖλος, which originally referred to a rock or reef in the sea, and by extension, a stain or spot. It is related to the verb σπιλόω (spiloō, G4695), meaning 'to defile' or 'to spot.' The core idea is of a noticeable, undesirable mark that stands out against a clean background.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it connects to key concepts of holiness, sanctification, and ecclesiology. In Ephesians, it underscores the church's calling to moral purity as the bride of Christ. In 2 Peter, it serves as a severe warning against hypocrisy and corruption within the teaching community. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting the biblical metaphor of spiritual cleanliness versus defilement, a theme central to God's demand for holiness among His people.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, physical spots or blemishes on garments or sacrifices often rendered them ritually impure or socially unacceptable. This cultural understanding of visible defects powerfully informs the metaphorical use of σπῖλος for moral failings, which were seen as equally defiling and disgraceful within the covenant community.

μῶμος (mōmos, G3470) — emphasizes blame or disgrace as a fault. κηλίς (kēlis, G4695) — a spot or stain, often with a stronger sense of defilement. ἄμωμος (amōmos, G299) — the antonym, meaning 'without blemish,' used of Christ and the ideal church.

Word Details

Scripture References