σπόρος

seed for sowing

Definition

The Greek word σπόρος primarily means 'seed' in the sense of seed for sowing, the physical grain or kernel planted in a field (Mark 4:26-27, Luke 8:5). In the New Testament, it also carries a significant metaphorical meaning, representing the 'word of God' or the gospel message itself, as Jesus explicitly teaches in the Parable of the Sower (Luke 8:11). Finally, in 2 Corinthians 9:10, the term is used figuratively for the resources or material provisions a believer gives, which God will multiply for a spiritual 'harvest.'

Biblical Usage

σπόρος is used five times in the New Testament, primarily within agricultural parables in the Synoptic Gospels (Mark 4:26-27, Luke 8:5, 11). In these contexts, it is the literal seed sown by a farmer. Its usage in 2 Corinthians 9:10 is distinct, where Paul employs it metaphorically for financial generosity, which God will increase for righteous outcomes.

Etymology

Derived from the verb σπείρω (speirō, G4687), meaning 'to sow' or 'to scatter.' The noun σπόρος directly refers to the product of that action—the thing sown. It is the root of English words like 'spore' and 'sporadic.'

Semantic Range

This word is theologically rich as it bridges the physical and spiritual realms in Jesus's teaching. Understanding σπόρος deepens the Parable of the Sower (Luke 8:11), revealing that the 'seed' is not just a farming illustration but is explicitly identified as the word of God. It also connects human action (sowing) with divine growth and multiplication, a key principle in teachings about faith, evangelism, and generosity (2 Corinthians 9:10).

In an agrarian society, seed was a fundamental and valuable resource representing future hope and sustenance. Sowing was a act of faith and investment, as the farmer could not control the growth. This cultural understanding makes the biblical metaphors powerfully resonant, contrasting with a modern, more industrialized view of agriculture.

σπέρμα (sperma, G4690) — Often used for 'offspring' or 'descendants,' but can also mean physical seed; more commonly denotes lineage. κόκκος (kokkos, G2848) — A single grain or kernel (e.g., a mustard seed); emphasizes the individual unit rather than the collective sowing.

Word Details

Scripture References