σταυρόω

I crucify

Definition

The verb σταυρόω primarily means 'to crucify,' referring to the act of executing someone by nailing or binding them to a cross. In its literal sense, it describes the historical crucifixion of Jesus (Matthew 27:35) and others (Matthew 23:34). Figuratively, it is used to signify the putting to death of the old, sinful nature, as when Paul states that believers have been 'crucified with Christ' (Galatians 2:20) and that the flesh with its passions has been crucified (Galatians 5:24). This metaphorical usage conveys the concept of total destruction or mortification of a former way of life.

Biblical Usage

This verb is used 42 times in the New Testament, predominantly in the Gospels and Paul's letters. In the Gospels, it almost exclusively refers to the literal crucifixion of Jesus (e.g., Matthew 20:19, 27:22-23, 27:26). Paul employs the term both literally, referencing Christ's crucifixion (1 Corinthians 2:8), and extensively in a theological, figurative sense to describe the believer's union with Christ in His death and the death of the sinful self (Romans 6:6, Galatians 2:20).

Etymology

Derived from the noun σταυρός (stauros, G4716), meaning 'cross' or 'stake.' The verb form literally means 'to fix to a σταυρός.' Its meaning is rooted in the Roman practice of execution, with the figurative, spiritual sense developing uniquely within the New Testament, particularly in Pauline theology.

Semantic Range

This word is central to Christian theology. Literally, it defines the atoning work of Christ, the means of salvation (1 Corinthians 1:23). Figuratively, it defines the Christian's experience of sanctification—dying to sin and self through identification with Christ's death (Romans 6:6, Galatians 2:20). Understanding this dual usage enriches reading by connecting the historical event of the cross to its ongoing transformative power in the life of a believer.

In the 1st-century Roman world, crucifixion was a brutal, public, and shameful method of execution reserved for slaves, pirates, and enemies of the state. It was designed to inflict maximum suffering and humiliation. The New Testament's use of this term for Jesus would have been shockingly graphic to its original audience, starkly contrasting with His identity as Lord and Christ. The figurative use by Paul would have been a powerful, radical metaphor for the complete renunciation of an old life.

ἀποκτείνω (apokteinō, G615) — a general term for 'to kill,' lacking the specific method and theological weight of crucifixion. θανατόω (thanatoō, G2289) — means 'to put to death,' often used figuratively for mortification but without the explicit cross imagery.

Word Details

Scripture References