θηλάζω

I give suck, suck

Definition

The Greek verb θηλάζω means to nurse or suckle, referring specifically to the act of an infant breastfeeding from its mother. In the New Testament, it is used both literally, describing the physical act of nursing (Matthew 24:19, Mark 13:17, Luke 21:23, 23:29), and metaphorically. In Matthew 21:16, Jesus quotes Psalm 8:2, using 'nursing infants' (θηλάζοντες) as a symbol of pure, dependent praise offered to God. This highlights a spiritual sense where the word represents utter dependence and innocence.

Biblical Usage

θηλάζω appears six times in the New Testament, exclusively in the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke). It is used in two distinct contexts. First, in prophetic warnings of future tribulation, Jesus uses it to evoke the particular vulnerability of nursing mothers and their infants (Matthew 24:19, Mark 13:17, Luke 21:23). Second, it appears in a blessing pronounced on Jesus (Luke 11:27), referencing his own infancy, and in a dire lament (Luke 23:29). The citation in Matthew 21:16 is unique, applying the term metaphorically to those who offer praise.

Etymology

θηλάζω derives from the noun θηλή (thēlē), meaning 'nipple' or 'teat.' It is a primary verb directly related to the physical act of suckling. Cognates in Greek include θηλάζω itself and related terms for nursing and breasts, firmly rooting its meaning in the biological function of breastfeeding.

Semantic Range

This word carries theological weight in its depiction of dependence. Literally, it portrays the vulnerability and need of human life, which Jesus highlights in eschatological warnings. Metaphorically, in Matthew 21:16, it becomes a profound image for the kind of praise God receives—not from the powerful or eloquent, but from those with the humble, trusting dependence of an infant. This enriches our understanding of faith as reliant trust in God's provision.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, breastfeeding was a vital and immediate necessity for infant survival. A mother nursing was a common symbol of care, vulnerability, and life itself. Jesus's warnings about the 'woe' to nursing mothers (Matthew 24:19) would have resonated powerfully, as such a state made flight during disaster exceptionally difficult, amplifying the sense of impending catastrophe. The metaphor of 'nursing infants' praising God leverages this cultural understanding of pure, pre-verbal dependence.

τρέφω (trephō, G5142) — A broader term meaning to nourish, rear, or feed, not limited to breastfeeding. νήπιος (nēpios, G3516) — Refers to a young child or infant, focusing on the age/immaturity rather than the specific act of nursing.

Word Details

Scripture References