θέλω

I will, wish, desire

Definition

The Greek verb θέλω primarily means 'to will,' 'to wish,' or 'to desire.' It expresses a strong inclination or intention of the mind, ranging from a simple wish (e.g., Matthew 7:12) to a deliberate, active will (e.g., Matthew 8:3, where Jesus says, 'I will; be clean'). In some contexts, it can also mean 'to be willing' or 'to consent,' as seen in Matthew 1:19, where Joseph was 'unwilling' to put Mary to shame. It is a key verb for expressing divine will, such as God's desire for mercy over sacrifice (Matthew 9:13).

Biblical Usage

Θέλω appears frequently across the New Testament, especially in the Gospels and Pauline letters. It is used for human desires and intentions, as in Matthew 5:40-42 regarding legal disputes and generosity. It also critically expresses the will of Jesus (e.g., healing in Matthew 8:2-3) and the will of God the Father (e.g., Matthew 18:14). In John's Gospel, it often highlights the relationship between Jesus' will and the Father's will (John 5:21, 6:38). Paul uses it for both human volition (1 Corinthians 7:36) and divine purpose (Romans 9:18).

Etymology

The verb θέλω is a primary verb in Greek with no certain Indo-European root outside of Greek itself. It is the standard word for 'to wish' or 'to will' in Koine Greek. Cognates or related forms in classical Greek include ἐθέλω (ethelō), a variant with the same meaning. Its semantic range is stable, consistently conveying the concept of willing or desiring throughout its usage.

Semantic Range

Θέλω is theologically significant as it is a primary term for expressing volition, both human and divine. Understanding its nuance enriches reading by distinguishing between mere desire and effective will, especially in passages about God's will (θέλημα, thelēma) and human response. It is central to concepts of divine sovereignty (e.g., Romans 9:18) and human free will, as well as Christ's submission to the Father's will (Matthew 26:39). The word underscores that God's will is active and purposeful, not passive wishfulness.

In the Greco-Roman world, θέλω was a common verb for expressing desire or intention, similar to modern English 'want.' However, in a biblical context, it often carries a stronger sense of deliberate resolve, especially when used of God or Jesus. Unlike some modern individualistic notions of 'wanting,' biblical usage, particularly for divine will, implies a purposeful, authoritative decision that leads to action.

βούλομαι (boulomai, G1014) — often implies a more deliberate plan or counsel, a resolved intention. ἐπιθυμέω (epithymeō, G1937) — emphasizes strong desire, craving, or lust, often for something forbidden. εὐδοκέω (eudokeō, G2106) — means to be well-pleased, conveying delight and consent in a choice.

Word Details

Scripture References