Ajsl

\mer\cB.a Journal of Sem. Lang, and Literature. j4JTA = American Journal of Theology. y4 7"=Altes Testament. Bi = Bampton Lecture. £il/= British Museum. B/JP = Biblical Researches in Palestine. C/(r = Corpus Inscriptionum Gr.-ecarum. C/Z. = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarura. C/5= Corpus Inscriptionum Semitiearum. COr= Cuneiform Inscriptions and the OT. DB= Dictionary of the Bible. Einf=Ea.T\y llistory of the Hebrews. G.(4P=Geographie des alten I'alastina. GG^ =G6ttingische Gelelirte Anzeigen. 6'(?

iV=Nacliricliten der konigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Gori''=Geschichte des Jiidischen Volkes. GF/=Geschichte des Volkes Israel. nCM= Higher Criticism and the Monuments. i7£=Historia Ecclesiastica. ffGi7// = Historical Geog. of Holy Land. 77/= History of Israel. njP=\{'\story of the Jewish People. jrPjl/'= History, Prophecy, and the Monuments. ffi'iV= Hebrew Proper Names. /</ff = IsraeUlische und Judische Geschichte. «/B// = Journal of Biblical Literature.

J'Z)7'A = Jahrbiiclier fiir deutsche Theologie. «/(?/?=Jewish Quarterly Review. J li A S = io\ima.\ of the Roval Asiatic Society. </7iZ. = Jewish Religious Life after tlie Exile. t/7'A5'< = Journal of Theological Studies. KAT=\)\e Keilinschriften und das Alte Test. A'GF=Keilins( liriften u. Geschichtsforschung. ^//J = KeilinKihriftliche Hibliothek. iCi}/ = Literarisches Centralblatt. iOT= Introd. to the Literature of the Old Test. iV^/7irB = Neuhebrfiische8 AVorterbnch.

NTZG = Neutestaraentliche Zeitgeschichte. OiV^= Otium Norviceiise. 0/' = Origin of the Psalter. 07'J^C=The Old Test, in the Jewish Church. PiJ= Polychrome Bible. P£^F= Palestine E.\ploration Fund. P£i^5< = Quarterly Statement of the same. PSBA = Proceedings of Soc. of Bibl. Arclu-eology. i'iJ.B = Real-Encyclopadie fiir protest. Theologie und Kirche. QPB = Queen's Printers' Bible. KiJ = Revue Biblique. /?/?/= Revue des Etudes Juives. i?P= Records of the Past. ^S= Religion of the Semites.

5507= Sacred Books of Old Test. S/L'=Studien und Kritiken. 5/" = Sinai and Palestine. 6' 1^/*= Memoirs of the Survey of W. Palestine. TliLoT ThLZ ='Y\\eo\. Literaturzeitung. 7"Ar=Theol. Tijdschrift. 7".^ = Texts and .Studies. TSBA = Transactions of Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology. TU = Texte iind Untersuchungen. WA 1= Western Asiatic Inscriptions. ir/^A''il/ = Wiener Zeitschrift fiir Konde de« Morgenl.andes. ZA = Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie. ZAW or Zyl7'ir= Zeitschrift fiir die Alttest.

Wissenschaft. ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Dentschen Morgen- liindischen Gesellschaft. ZDPV='Le\X.schrilt des Deutschen Palastina- Vereins. ZA'5/^= Zeitschrift fur Keilschriftforachung. ZA'ir=Zeitsclirift fiir kirchliche Wissenschaft. ZiVnr= Zeitschrift fiir die Neutest. Wissen. schaft. A small superior number designates the particular edition of the work referred to, as KAV, LOT*. MAP IN VOLUME IV Canaan as divided among the Twelve TaiBss . facing page) 1 AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL.

lY Israel Abrahams, M.A., Editor of the Jewish Quartcrbi Review, and Senior Tutor of the Jews' College, London. Rev. Alexander Adamson, M.A., B.D., Dundee. Rev. AVai.ter F. Adeney, M.A., D.D., Professor of New Testament E.\egesis in New College, London. Ven. A. S. Aglen, M.A., D.D., Archdeacon of St. Andrews. W. Baciieu, Pli.D., Profe.ssor in the Landes- Uabbinerschule, Budapest. Uev. John S. Banks, I'rofe.ssor of Systematic Theology in the Headingley College, Leeds. Rev. W. Emery Baunks, M.A.

, D.D., Kellow of Peterhoiise, and llulsean Professor of Divinity, Cambridge. JAME.S Vernon Barti.et, M.A., Professor of Church History, Manslield College, O.xford. Gkaf Wii.helm von Baudi.ssin, Professor of Theology in the University of Berlin. Rev. Ll.KWKl.LYN J. M. Bebb, M..\., Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter ; formerly I'ullow and Tutor of Urasenose College, Oxford. Rev. Wli.us JUD.SON Bekcher, D.D.

, Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature in Auburn Theological Seminary, New York. P. V. M. Benkcke, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College, Oxford. Rev. William Henry Bennett, ALA., Litt.D., D.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in llnckiiev and New Colleges, London ; some- time Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Rev. Edward Ku.ssell Bernard, ALA., Chan- cellor and Canon of Salisbury Cathedral ; formerly Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Rev. John Henry Bernard, D.D.

, Fellow of Trinity College, and Archbishop King's Lecturer in Divinity in the University of Dublin. FREDi'.RlfK J. Bliss, B.A., Ph.D., Director of the Palestine Exjiloration Fund in Jerusalem. Kev. W. Adams Brown, ALA., Ph.D., Profes-sor of Systematic Theoliigy in Union Theological Seminary, New York. K. BUDDE, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Theology in the University of Marburg. Rev. AViLLlAM Carslaw, M.A., ALD., of the Lebanon Schools, Bey rout, Syria. Rev. Arthur Thomas Chapman, M.A.

, Fellow, Tutor, and Hebrew Lecturer, Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Kev. Robert Henry Charles, D.D., Professor of Biblical Greek in the University of Dublin. CoL Claude Reignier Conder, R.E., D.C.L., LL.D., ALK.A.S. Rev. G. A. Cooke, ALA., formerly Fellow of Alagdalen College, Oxford. Rev. Henry Cowan, ALA., D.D., Professor of Church History in the University of Aberdeen. The late Kev. A. B. Davidson, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages in New College, Edinburgh. Rev. T.

Witton Davies, B.A., Ph.D., ALR.A.S., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Lit- erature in tlie Baptist College, Bangor, and Lecturer in Semitic Languages in University College, Bangor. Kev. ^V. T. Davison, ALA., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Handsworth Theological College, Birmingham. Rev. James Denney, ALA., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the United Free Church College, Glasgow. The late Rev. W. P. DiCKSON, D.D., LL.D.

, I'rofcssor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow. Rev. Samuel Bolles Driver, D.D., Litt.D., Canon of Christ Church, and Kegius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. Rev. David Eaton, ALA., D.D., Glasgow. Rev. William Ewino, ALA., Glasgow, for. merly of Tiberias, Palestine. Rev. Geop.ge Ferries, ALA., D.D., Cluny, Aber- deenshire. Rev. KoiiEHT F'lint, D.D.^ LL.D., Profe.ssor of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh. Rev. Alfred Ernest Gakvie, AI.A., B.D., Alon- trose. Rev.

John Gibr, ALA., D.D., Profes.sor of New Testament Exegesis in Westminster CoUct'e, Cambridge. G. Buchanan Gray, ALA., Professor of Hebrew in Alanslield College, Oxford. Rev. Alexander Grieve, ALA., Ph.D., Forfar. Francis Llewellyn Griffith, ALA., F.S.A., Superintendent of the Archa'ological Survey of the Egypt Exploration Fund. AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL. IV Rev. Henky Melvill Gwatkin, M.A., D.D.

, Fellow of Emmanuel College, and Dixie Pro- fessor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge. Rev. G. Harford -Batteksby, M.A., Balliol College, 0.\ford ; Vicar of Alossley Hill, Liverpool. J. Kendel Harris, M.A., Litt.D., Fellow and Librarian of Clare College, Cambridge. Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam, M.A., B.D., Rector of Welwyii, Herts; formerly Fellow of All Souls' College, O.xford. Edward Hull, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S.

late Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, and Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Montague Rhodes James, M.A., Litt.D., Fellow and Dean of King's College, and Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cam- bridge. Rev. Archibald R. S. Kennedy, M.A., D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages in the University of Edinburgh. Rev. H. A. A. Kennedy, M.A., D.Sc, Callander. Frederic G. Kenvon, M.A., D.Litt., Ph.D.

, of the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum, late Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Eduard Konig, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in the University of Bonn. Rev. John Laidlaw, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the New College, Edinburgh. Rev. Walter Lock, M.A., D.D., Warden of Keble College, and Dean Ireland's Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the University of Oxford. Alexander Macalister, LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Fellow of St.

John's College, and Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Rev. George M. Mackie, M.A., D.D., Chaplain to the Church of Scotland at Beyrout, Syria. Rev. J. A. M'Clymont, M.A., D.D., Aberdeen. Rev. Hugh Macmillan, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Greenock. The late Rev. John MACrHERSON, M.A., Edin- burgh. Rev. D. S. Margomoutii, M.A., Fellow of New College, anil l.audian Professor of Arabic in the University of Oxford. Rev. John Turner Marshall, M.A.

, Principal of the Biiptist College, Manchester. Rev. Arthur James Mason, M.A., D.D., Lady Margaret's Reader in Divinity in the Uni- versity of Cambridge, and Canon of Canter- bury. John Massie, M.A., Yales Professor of New Test.ament Exegesis in Mansheld College, Oxford ; formerly Scholar of St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge. Rev. Selah Mkimiill, D.D., LL.D., U.S. Consul at Jerusalem. Rev. George Milligan, M.A., B.D. , Caputh, Perthshire. Rev. William Morgan, M.A.. Tarbolton. Rev. R.

Waddy Moss, Professor of Classics in the Didsbury College, Manchester. Rev. James H. Moulton, M.A., D.Litt., Senior Classical Master in the Leys School, Cam- bridge. W. Max Muller, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Old Testament Literature in the Reformed Episcopal Church Seminary, Philadelpliia. Eberhard Nestle, Ph.D., D.D., Professor at Maulbronn. Rev. Thomas Nicol, M.A., D.D., Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism in the Uni- versity of Aberdeen. W. Nowack, Ph.D.

, Professor of Theology in the University of Strassburg. Rev. William P. Paterson, M.A., D.D., Pro- fessor of Systematic Theology in the Uni- versity of Aberdeen. Rev. James Patrick, M. A., B.D., B.Sc., Examiner for Degrees in Divinity in the Univer.sity of St. Andrews. Rev. John Patrick, M.A., D.D., Professor of Biblical Criticism and Biblical Antiquities in the University of Edinburgh. Arthur S. Peake, M.A.

, Professor in the Primi- tive Methodist College, Manchester, and Lecturer in Lancashire Independent College ; sometime Fellow of Merton and Lecturer in Mansfield College, Oxford. William Flinders Petrie, M.A., D.C.L., Pro- fessor of Egyptology in University College, London. THEoriiiLUS Goldridqe Pinches, LL.D., M.R.A.S., London. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M.A., D.D., Master of University College, Durham. Rev. Frank Chamberlin Porter, M.A., Ph.D., D.D.

, Professor of Biblical Theology in the Divinity School of Yale University, New Haven. Rev. Harvey Porter, B.A., Ph.D., Professor in the American College, Beyrout, Syria. Rev. George Po.st, M.D., F.L.S., Professor in the American College, Beyrout, Syria. Ira Maurice Price, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Literatures in the University of Chicago. Rev. Cyril Henry Prichard, M.A., late Classical Scholar of Magd.nlene College, Cambridge, and Lecturer at St. Olave's, Southwark.

The late Rev. George T. Purves, D.D., LL.D., Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis in Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey. William M. Ramsay, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., I'rofessor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, Honorary Fellow of Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford. Rev. Henry A. Redpatii, M.A., Rector of St. Dunstau's in the East, London. Rev. Frederick Relton, A.K.C, Vicar of St. Andrew's, Stoke Newington, London. Rev. Archibald Robertson, M..\., D.D., LL.D.

, Principal of King's College, London, late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. J. W. Rothstein, Ph.D., D.D., Professor o/ Theology in the University of Halle. AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL. IV Rev. Stewart Dingwall Fordyce Salmond, M.A., D.l)., K.E.I.S., I'rinciijal and Professor of hysteinatic Theology ia the United Free Church College, Aberdeen. Rev. William Sanday, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, M.A., LL.D.

, Fellow of Queen's College, and Professor of Assyriology in the University of Oxford. Rev. JouN A. Selbie, M.A., D.D., Maryculter, Kincardineshire. C. Siegfried, Ph.D., Geh. Kirchenrath and Pro- fessor of Theology in the University of Jena. Rev. John Skinner, RI.A., D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in Westminster College, Cambridge. Rev. George Adam S.mith, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew in the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Rev. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A., D.

D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cam- bridge. John F. Stknning, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Hebrew and Theology, Wadham College, Oxford. Rev. George Barker Stevens, Ph.D., D.D., Dwight Professor of Systematic Theology in Yale University. Rev. W. li. Stevenson, M.A., 15. D., Professor of Jlebrew and Old Testament Introduction in the Theological College, liala. St. George Stock, M.A., Pembroke College, Oxford. Rev. James Strachan, M.A, St. Fergus.

Hermann L. Strack, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Theology in the University of llerlin. Rev. John Taylor, U.A., Litt.D., Vicar of Winchcombe. Henry St. John Thackeray, M.A., Examiner in the Board of Education, formerly Divinity Lecturer in Selwyn College, Cambridge. Rev. Thomas Walker, M.A., Professor of Hebrew in the Assembly's College, Belfast. Rev. B. B. Warfield, M.A., D.D., Professor of Theology in Princeton University. Lieut.-General Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S.

, Royal Engineers. Rev. Adam C. AVelch, M.A., B.D., Glasgow. The late Rev. HENRY AlcoCK White, M. A., Tutor in tlie University of Durham, and formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford. Rev. H. J. White, M.A., Fellow and Chaplain of Merton College, Oxford. Rev. Newport J. D.White, M. A., B.D., Librarian of Archbisliop Marsli's Library, and Assistant Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew in tlie University of Dublin. Rev. Owen C. Whitehouse, M.A., D.D.

, Prin- cipal and Professor of Biblical Exegesis and Tlieulogy in Cbeslmnt College. Rev. A. Lukvn Williams, M.A., Vicar of Guilden Morden and Examining Chaplain to the Bisli"p of Durham. Lieut.-General Sir CHARLES William Wilson, K.i:., K.C.IJ., K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.U.S. Rev. Francis Henry Woods, M.A., B.D., Vicar of Chalfont St. Peter, and late Fellow and Theological Lecturer of St. John's College, Oxford. Rev. John Wortabet, M.A., M.D., Beyrout, Syria. VOL. IV. Map 7.

'Ti» £^bur^ Oeo^^iual luaiiiiit* DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE PLEROMA {irK-fipuiui ; Lat. plenitudo, supple- mcntiiiii. plrromn; AVand RV 'fulness'). — A word of common Greek usage, which is raised to a semi- technical meaning in relation to God in certain books of the NT connected with Asia Minor (Ephe- sians, Colossians, John (prol.)) This meaning may have been given to it first by St.

Paul ; but his absolute use of it in Col 1'", without any explanation added, suggests that it was already in use anion" the fal.se teachers against whom he is writing. Lightfoot conjectures that it had a Palestinian origin, representing the Hebrew kSd. The word it.self is a relative term, capable of m.any shades of meaning, according to the subject with which it is joined and the antithesis to which it is contrasted.

It denotes the result of the action of the verb irXrjpovv ; but TX-npoCv is either (a) to fill up an empty thing (e.jr. Mt 13^), or {/>) to com- plete an incomplete thing {e.ff. Mt 5") ; and the verbal substantive in -/ta may express either (1) the objective accusative after the verb, 'the thing tilled or completed,' or (2) the cognate accusative, ' the state of fulness or completion, the fulfilment, the full amount,' resulting from the action of the verb (Ko Il'= 13'» 15^, 1 Co 10=«).

It may em- phasize totality in contrast to its constituent parts; or fulness in contrast to emptiness (Wmj^o); or completeness in contra.st to incompleteness or deficiency (iKrHprum Col 1", 2 Co 1 1", iJTTTjMa Ko 11"). A further ambiguity ari.ses when it is joined with a genitive, which may be either subjective or objective, the fulness which one thing gives to another, or th.it which it receives from another.

In its semi-technical application it is applied Frimarilj- to the perfection of God, the fulness of lis Being, ' the aggregate of the Divine attributes, virtues, energies' ; this is used quite absolutely in C'ol 1'" {(V avrtfj evdoKrjafif irdv t6 nXripujfjLa, KaroiKrijai), liut further defined (llaSTraKTd TXrjpu/xa tjjs flfdrTjTos, 'the whole completeness of the Divine nature.' in Col 2", (2) as iroK t6 vXr/piJiia.

toD OcoO, 'the whole (moral) perfection which is characteristic of God,' in Kph 3". Secondarily, this same TrX-qpu/jia is transfencd to Christ ; it was embodied periiia- ncnlly in Him at the Incarnation (Col 1'") ; it still dwells permanently in His glorified Dody, ir ainif KaroiKfl tTwfiartKws (Col 2") ; it is t6 irX-Qpu^o.

tov Xpi<rrov (Eph 4'"), the complete, moral, and intel- lectual jierfection to which Christians as|iire and with which they are filled (Eph 4'», Col 2" iari iv airn^ Tr(Tr\7]pu^voL. Cf. Jn I'" ^atoC irXT^pw^iaTos aiVoD itfiih irdfTts iXi^oiiev, where n-Xr)pu^ is tlie state of Him who is vX-qpri^ x'^P^''"^ "' a\r\0das, 1", cf. Lk 2" trXi^poeyuccov coipiai). This indwelling emphasizes vou IV.

— I tlie completeness with which the Son represents the Father ; it is the fulness of life which makes Him the representative, without other intermediary agencies, and ruler of the whole universe ; ami it is the fulness of moral and intellectual perfection which is communicable through Him to man ; it is consistent with a fjradual growth of human faculties (Lk 2'"), theretore with the phrase iairrbv iK(vui7ev of Ph 2', which is perhaps intended as a deliberate contrast to it [Keno.sls].

One further application of the phrase is made in Eph 1^, where it 13 used of the Ciiurch, tA irXijpoj/ra tov t4 irat/Ta iv Taaiv rXripovnivov. Here the genitive is perhaps subjective — the fulness of Christ, His full embodi- ment, that fulness which He supplies to the Church — emphasizing the thoroughness with which the Church is the receptacle of His powers and represents Him on earth. The analogy of the other u.

ses of the word with the genitive of the person (Eph 3" 4"), and the stress throughout these books on Christians being filled by Christ {Eph 3'" 4'^ 5'», Col 1" 2"' 4'^ Jn 1'" 3*^), favours this Tiew. But the genitive may be objective, ' the complement of Christ,' that which completes Ilim, which fills up by its activities the work which His withdrawal to heaven would have left undone, as the liody comjdetes the head.

The analogy of the liodv, the stress laid on the action of the Church (Epli 3'°-"'), St. Paul's language about himself in Col 1^ {avTavaTrXrqpQj rd vaT(pr]p.aTa twv d\i^piwv tou XptffToD), support this, and it is impossible to decide between the two. The former view has been most common since the thorough examination of the word by Fritzsche {Horn. ii. i)p. 4()9li'.) and Light- foot [C'vl. ad loc. and Ad<litional Note), and is slill taken l)y von Soden (Ilaml-Cimim. ad luc.)

and Macpherson (Expu.sitor, 1890, pp. 462-472). Hut the latter view, which was that of Origen and Chrysostom, has been strongly advocated of late by I'lleiderer {I'avlinism, ii. p. 172), T. K. AblMttt {Ititiniritional Critkal Comm. ad loc), and most fully J. A. Robinson {Exposifnr, 1808, np. 241-259).

Outside the NT the word occurs in Ignatius in a sense which is clearly inlluenced by tlie NT, and ajiparently in the meaning of the Itivine fulness, as going forth and blessing and residing in the Church {Eph. Inscr. r-g (i'Xoyrj/ji^fii iv iie-^iVti 8(ou rarpiis TrXrjpw/iaTi, and Trail. Inscr. fli- Koi dffjrdj'o^ai ill T(f 7rX7)pii/iaTi, almost = ^1- Xpurrif [but see light- foot, arl (or.]) In Gnosticism the use becomes yet more stt.

eo- typed and technical, thouj^h its applications are still very variable. The Gnostic writers ajiiieal to the use in the NT {e.g. Ireu I. iii. 4), and the word PLOUGH, PLOUGHSHARE POETRY (HEBREW) retains from it the sense of totality in contrast to the constituent parts ; but the chief associations of irXripufia in tlieir systems are with Greek philo- sophy, and the nuiin thought is that of a state of complutuness in contrast to deliciency {ixTTipiifia, Iren. I. xvi. 3 ; Hippol. vi.

31), or of the fulness of real existence in contrast to the empty void and unreality of mere phenomena {K^Ko/ia, Iren. I. iv. 1). Thus in Cerinthus it expressed the fulness of the Divine Life out of which the Divine Christ descended upon the man Jesus at his baptism, and into which He returned (Iren. I. xxvi. 1, III. xi. ' xvi. 1). In the Valentinian sj'.

stem it stands m antithesis to the essential incomprehen- sible Godhead, as 'the circle of the Divine attri- butes,' the various means by which God reveals Himself: it is the totality of the thirty .'eons or emanations which proceed from God, but are separated alike from Him and from the material universe.

It is at times almost localized, so that a thing is spoken of as 'within,' 'without,' 'above,' 'below' the Pleroma : more often it is the spirit- world, the archetypal ideal existing in the invisible heavens in contrast to the imperfect phenomenal manifestations of that ideal in the universe.

Tlius 'the whole Pleroma of the teons 'contributes each its own excellence to the historic Jesus, and He appears on earth ' as the perfect beauty and star of the Pleroma' (TeXeiArarov koXXos /tai iarpov toO rXripiiimro!, Iren. I. xi. 6). Again, each separate seen is called a irX-Zipw^a in contrast to its earthly imperfect counterpart, so that in this sense the plural can be used, irX-npaiiara (Iren. I. xiv.

2) ; and even each individual has his or her Pleroma or spiritual counterpart (t6 irXrjpuna avriii of the Samaritan woman, — Heracleon, ap. Origen, xiii. p. 205 ; ap. Stieren's Irenmus, p. 950). Similarly It was used by Ophite writers as equivalent to the full completeness of perfect knowledge (Pwis* Sophia, p. 15).

It thus expressed the various thonghts which we should express by the God- head, the ideal, heaven ; and it is probably owing to this ambiguity, as well as to its heretical associa- tions, that the word dropped out of Christian theo- logy. It is still used in its ordinary unteclinical meaning, e.g. Theophylact (p. 530) speaks of the Trinity as ir\i)pw/ia toC CeoD ; but no use so technical as that in Ignatius reappears. For fuller details ci. Suicer's Thesaurus, s.v. ; Lightfoot, Col.

('Colossian Heresy' and Additional Note); Smith's Diet. ChrUt. Bior/r. s.vv. 'Gnosti- cism,' 'Valentinus'; Cambridge texts and Studies, i. 4, p. 105. W. Lock. PLOUGH, PLOUGHSHAKE See AaRlCTJLTCEK in vol. i. p. 49.