Antiochians (Hastings' Dictionary)

The efforts of Antiochus Epiphanes to spread Gr. culture and Gr. customs throughout his dominions were diligently furthered by a section of the Jews ANTIOCHIS ANTIOCHUS rV. EPIPHAXKS 105 The leader of this Hellenizin^' party, Jason, brotliur of the high priest Onias III.

, offered a lar^e sum of money to Antioeliua to induce the kmj; to transfer the hitjh priesthood to himself, and aion;; with certain other favours to allow the inhabitants of Jerusalem 'to be enrolled as Antiochians,' that is, to grant them the titles and privileges of citizens of Antioch. What was the precise nature of the desired privileges we do not know.

Antiochus acceded to the proposal of Jason, and shortly after- wards a party of ' Antiochians ' from Jerusjilem was sent by him as a sacred deputation, to convey a contribution of money for the festival of Heracles at Tyre, H. A. White. ANTIOCHIS ('Akt<ox(5, 2 Mac 4*'), a concubine of Antiochus Epiphanes, who, in accordance with an old Oriental custom, assiraed to her for her maintenance the revenues of the two Cilician cities. Tarsus and Mallus.

This grant gave rise to disturbances among the inhabitants of the two cities, but we are not told what means were taken by Antiochus to allay their discontent. H. A. White. ANTIOCHUS ('AKTfoxot, I Mac 12" \4^ ; cf. Jos. Ant. XIIL V. 8), the father of Nuiuenius, who was one of the envoys sent {c. 144 B.C.) by Jonathan the Maccabee to renew tlie covenant made by Judas with the Romans, and to enter into friendly rela- tions with the Spartans. H. A- White. ANTIOCHUS I.

{'Ayrloxot, 'the opposer'), sur- nnmed Soter, 'deliverer,' was bom B.C. 324, son of of Seleucufl Nikator and of Apania, a princess of Sogdiana. He succeeded his fatlier (B.C. 280) on the throne of Syria, but during the nineteen years of his reign was concerned chiefly with the prose- cntion of his claims to the throne of Macedonia, with the maintenance of his empire against Kelts and eastern revolts, and with the repression of the Gauls who had settled in Asia Minor.

He was slain by one of the latter in battle (B.C. 261). The posse.ssion of Coile-Syria was a matter of dispute Detween him and I'tolemy Philadelplius (1st Syrian War), but it remained under the sovereignty of the latter, and the S. districts do not ai)pear to have been invaded by Antiochus. K. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS II. (sumamed Theos, 'a god') ■ncceeded hia father, A. I., as kin" of Syria in B.C. 261.

His kingdom was invaded soon after bis accession by the generals of Ptolemy Philadelplius (2nd Syrian War), who occupied several of the principal towns on the coast of Asia Minor. Peace was concluded (B.C. 250), probably on condition that A. should put away Ins wife l.aodice, marry Berenice, daughter of iHolemy, and transfer the niccession to her issue (Athen. ii. 45). In a short time either Laodice was recalled, or A.

endeavoured to reconcile her ; but, in mistrust or revenge for the insult passed upon her, she plotted against A., ■aiused him (B.C. 24G) to be poisoned and Berenice's infant to be put to death, and secured the throne for her son Seleucus (App. Si/r. 65 ; Justin, x.\vii. 1 ; Val. Max. ix. 14. 1). There are strong evidences that A. conferred upon several cities of Asia Minor a democratic constitution and the rights of auto- nomy.

His surname was given him oy the Miles- ians in gratitude for his victory over their tyrai.t Timarclius (App. Si/r. 65). I'he .lews in these cities, and notalily in K|)liesus, shared in tln-so rights of citizenship; and this was the ca.so, both in the arrangement of cities rebuilt during the Hellenic age, and in the reorganisation of older cities elVected chiefly by A. II. See Arrian, i. 17. 10 and 18. 2j Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 2; Apion. ii. ♦ ; Ditteiiberger, S;/ll<"jc hi.irrijit. Grwc. nn.

I('i(i, 171. Dn 11' is traditionally interpreted of Anti- ochus (Jerome, ad Dnn. 11"), but the latter part of the verse is almost hopelessly corrupt. K. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS III. ('the Great') was the son ol Seleucus K.allinicus (B.C. 24G-226), and succeeded to the throne of Syria on the death of liis brother, Seleucus Keraunus (B.C. 223). Immediately after his accession he made war upon Egypt ; and in two successive canijiaigns he led his army as far as Dora, a few miles to tlie N. of Ciesarea.

A truce suspended hostilities for a time (Polyb. v. 60; Ju.stin, XXX. 1, 2), during which he put down Molo's rebellion in Media. In B.C. 218 lie again drove the Egyp. forces southwards, and himself wintered at I'tolemais ; but the next year he was completely defeated at Kapliia (Polyb. v. 51-87; Strabo, xvi. 759), near Gaza, and left Ptolemy Philoi)ator in undisputed possession of Cicle Syria and Phcenicia. The following years he spent in warfare against Ach^us, whom he took in B.C.

214, and in Parthia and Bactria, where his suc- cesses gained for him his surname. But on Ptolemy's death, in B.C. 204, he formed an alliance with Philip of Macedon for the partition of Egypt between the two powers (Liv. xxxi. 14). In Juda-a he found a party among the Jews alienated from Egypt, and with their help he extended his king- dom to the Sinaitic peninsula. But an inva.sion of his dominions by Attains, king of Pergamus, checked his further progress ; and in his absence Scopas, an Egyp.

general, overran Judiea, ami recovered the lost territories. A. hastened to oppose him, and at Paneas (lldi-eiov, a grotto of Pan, which gave its name to the district), near the source of the Jord.an, gained a decisive victory (B.C. 198), which made him again master of all Pal. (Polyb. xvi. 18, xxviii. 1 ; Liv. xxx. 19; Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 3). Jmhea was thus Anally connected with the Seleucid dynasty.

Syrian aTpa-niyol, or military governors, were appointed ; and regular taxes were imposed, and leased to contractors in the several towns. A. further guaranteed the inviolability of the temple, and provided by ample grants for the performance of its services (Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 4). With a view to p.acify Lydi.i .and Phrygia, he sent there 2000 Jewish families from Mesopotamia with grants of land and im- munity from taxation.

'The intervention of the Romans prevented any further expedition against Egypt : and a treaty wa.s made by which Ptolemy Epiphanes took in marriage A.'s daughter Cleo- patra, who was promised as her dower the three provinces of C(ele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Pal. (Polyb. xxviii. 17; Apt). Si/r. 5; Liv. xxxv. 13; Jos. int. XII. iv. 1). Tlie transfer of the iirovinces them- selves appears not to have taken place, thou"h the queen for a time sliared in their revenue.

Jud;ea was probably occupied by Sj'rian and Egyp. garri sons side by side ; and the people were subjected to a twofold tyranny. A. retained the nominal sovereignty ; but in B.C. 196 ho left P«J. in order to conduct an expedition against Asia Minor (l,iv. xxxiii. 19), and became involved in a long war with Rome. He wa."i liiially defeated in the battle of Magnesia (B.C. 190), ami three years later wils killed in an insurrection at Elyniais.

Dn H'"'" is traditionally interpretetl of him, and he is men tioned in I Mac P" 8"'. The statements in I lie latter passage should be compared with Aini. Si/r. 36 and Liv. xxxvii. 44, 66. R. W. \loss. ANTIOCHUS lY. EPIPHANES ('Ejr,.^av.)t, 'illus- trious'; al.-<o nanu'il ^Trifiafiit, 'madman,' Polyb. xxvi. 10; viK-qipipoi, 'victorious,' and Ceit, on coins and in Jos. Ant. XII. v. 5), second son of A.

the (Jreat, waa for 14 years a hostage at Ronie, and, after expelling lleliiicloriis, succcedi'd his own brother Seleucus Philopalor in B.C. 175. lli.'< 106 ANTIOCHUS IV. EPIPHANES ANTIOCHUS V. policy was to spread Greek culture (Tac. Hist. v. 8) Ihiough his dominions, and so knit the various peoples into a compact and single-purposed unity. Soon after his accession he was called upon to settle a dispute at Jerus. between the high priest Onias III.

and his brother Jason, the leader of the Hellenizing party. Onias was driven from Jerus. (2 Mac 4*"°) ; and Jason secured the high priesthood by the payment to the king of a large sum of money and the promise thoroughly to Hellenlze the city (2 Mac 4»-'«, 1 Mac l'""" ; Jos. Ant. Xll. V. 1). A. soon after visited the city in person, and was received with every mark of honour (2 Mac 4"). In B.C.

171 Jason was himself supplanted by Menelaus, who offered larger bribes ; but the next year he was encouraged by a rumour of the king's death in Egypt to besiege Jerus. (2 Mac 5'). The tidings reaclied A. as he was in the midst of his second prosperous campaign in Egypt, and at once, ' in a furious mind,' he marchea against Jerus. The city was taken, many thousands of the people were massacred, and the temple was robbed of its treasures (1 Mac 1», *, 2 Mac 5"-'> ; Jos. Ant. XII. v. 3 ; Apion.

ii. 7). Philip, a Phrygian of specially barbarous temper (2 Mac 5'-), was left behind as governor of Jerus., and A. proceeded with the spoils of the temple to Antioch. In B.C. 168 A. set out on his last expedition against Egypt, and was approaching Alexandria to besiege it when he received from the Romans peremptory orders to refrain from making war upon the Ptolemies (App. Syr. 66 ; Liv. xlv. 12 ; Polyb. xxix. 11 ; Justin, xxxiv.

3) Reluctantly he withdrew from Egypt, and vented his rage upon Jerus. (see Dn 11'). ApoUonius, one of the cliief officers of revenue, was detached with an army of 22,000 men, with instructions to exterminate the Je%vish people and to colonise the city with Greeks (2 Mao 5", 1 Mac 1^- «). AvaUing himself of the •Sabbath law, ApoUonius chose that day for entrance into Jerus., and met with no efi'ective resistance.

The men were killed, except a few who took refuge with Judas Maccaboeus in flight, and the women and children sold into slavery. The city was set on fire, its walls thrown down, and their materials used to fortify anew the old city of David, which thenceforth uninterruptedly for 26 years was occupied by a Syrian garrison. Menelaus stOl remained hi"h priest, but it is difficult to under- stand what his duties were, as the daily sacrifices are said to have ceased in the mon'h of Sivan (June).

A decree was then promulgated by A. through- jut his kingdom that in religion, law, and custom 'all should be one people' (1 Mac 1"; Polyb. xxxviii. 18). In Judaea alone the edict seerns to have met with serious opposition. Accordingly the observance of the Saboath, circumcision, and abstinence from unclean food were specifically for- bidden under the penalty of death. Upon the altar of bumt-otfenng a smaller altar was built, and on the 25th of Chislev (Dec.

168) sacrifice was offered upon it to the Olympic Zeus (1 Mac 1", 2 Mac 6'; Jos. Ant. XII. v. 4: see Dn 11". The phrase in Dn, c;i?D ppi}!i, may have other refer- ence, and is not without linguistic difficulty ; but its oldest interpretation, in the LXX, is liSi\vytia ipr}/iwaeuf, which exactly agrees with the expression in I Mac 1"). The courts, too, of the temple were polluted by indecent orgies. At the same time the worship of Zeus Xenios was instituted in the Sam. temple on Mt. Gerizim.

The festivals of Bacchus were introduced into the various towns, and the Jews compelled to take part in them (2 Mac 6"). A monthly search was made (1 Mac 1") ; and the possession of a copy of the book of the law was punishable by deatli. Similar measures were taken in all the cities frequented by the Jews in the Syrian kingdom, and even in Egypt (2 Mao 6*- ').

The efi'ect upon the better J e ws was to arouse a spirit of heroism, which showed itself at first only in an infiexible refusal to renounce Judaism. ' They chose to die . . and they died' (1 Mac 1°) ; and 2 Mac 6"-7*' records with licence certain instances which are further elaborated in 4 Mac, and of which Philo makes use in Quod omnia prob. lib. § 13 (Mang. ii. 459). Open resist- ance occurred first at Modin (MaSety or Mai5cel/i), a mountain village E. of Lydda and N. W. of Jerus.

When the king's commissioner came to see that the edict was obeyed, Mattathias, the head of the priestly Easmonsean family, refused compliance, killed the officer, and fled to the hOls (1 Mac 2«-«8 ; Jos. Ant. XII. vi. 2 : a tradition ascribes the first rising to an outrage attempted upon a Jewish bride). His example was imitated by many others (1 Mac 2^) ; but a great slaughter of them took place through their refusal to defend themselves on a Sabbath (1 Mac 2*-"^).

Mattathias persuaded his followers that the law of the Sabbath did not override the right of defence, and was joined by many of the Asidseans ( 'AffiSaioi, on'tiq 0ASIDIM). His bands traversed the country, harassing the Syrians with a guerilla warfare, everywhere de- stroying the symbols of idolatry ( 1 Mac 2'"''). Towards the end of B.C. 167 Mattathias died, and was succeeded in the military chieftainship of his party by his son Judas Maccabaeus (wh. see).

After pursuing for a time ^vith invariable success his fatner's practice of cutting oS' small companies of the enemy by surprises, Judas found his followers strong and expert enough to be trusted in larger enterprises. In turn he routed an army of Syrians and Samaritans under the command of ApoUonius, and a greater host at Bethhoron under Seron, the general of Coele-Syria (1 Mac S'""** ; Joa. A nt. XII. vii. 1). When news of the revolt of Judsea reached A.

, he himself was obliged to set out upon an expedition into Parthia and Armenia, where insurrection was spreading and the taxes were withheld (Tac. Hist. v. 8 ; App. Syr. 45 ; Miiller, Fragm. ii. 10). But he left Lysias behind, as regent and guardian of his son, with orders to depopulate Jud«a(l MacS'^-'*; Jos. Ant. XII. vii. 2).

Lysias at once despatched a large body of troops under the command of Ptolemy, Nicanor, and Gorgias ; and with them came merchants to purchase the expected Jewish slaves (1 Mac 3^*""). At Emmaus ('E^^aoi!^, the modem Amwfts), Judas inflicted so signal a defeat upon Gorgias tbat the Syrian troops fled out of the country (1 Mac 4'-'). In B.C. 165 Lysias in person led a still larger army against Judas, but was completely defeated at Bethzur (1 Mac 4="-"; Jos. Ant. XII. vii. 5).

Jndas regained possession of the entire country except the citadel in Jerus., and on the 25th or Chislev the daily sacrifices were restored (1 Mac 4", 2 Mao 10; Jos. Ant. XII. vii. 6 and 7; Middoth, i. 6; Meaillath Taanitk, §§ 17, 20, 23). Meanwhile A had been baffled in an attempt to plunder in Elymais (1 Mac 6') the temple of Nanaia ('the desire of women,' Dn 11", identified with Artemis, Polyb. xxxi. 11; with Aphrodite, App. Syr. 60; or more probably with Adonis or Tammuz).

He retired to Babylon, and thence to Tabae in Persia where he became mad and died (B.C. 164). LiTERinmii.— Liv. xll. -xlv.; Polyb. xx>4.-xxx].; App. Sf. 46, 66 ; Justin, xxiv. 3, are the principal classical authorities. Dn ll2l-4i is generally interpreted of A. iv. (Jerome, ad Dan. c. 11), and he la Bupposed to have been in the thought of the writer of Kev 13*. The Megillath Antiochue is legendary, post-Talmudio in date, and of little worth as history. Derenbourg, HUt.

5I>-63, extracts from Megillath Taanith, which, with 1 and % Mac and Jos. Ant. xn. v., is the only Jewish source of value. R. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS ¥. {ECrdrup, 'bom of a noble f%ther') succeeded his father, A. Epiphanes, in AJS^riOCHUS VI. AXVIL 107 B.C. 164, at the age of 9 (App. Syr. 46, 66) or of U (Euseb. Chron. Arm. i. 34S) years. Kpipli. had appointed his foster-brother (2 Mac U^) I'hilip as his son's guardian (1 Mac 6'^ " ; Jos. Ant. xil. ix.

2) ; but jLysias, the governor of the provinces from the Euphrates to Egypt, assumed that function (1 Mac 3^"). In B.C. 163 Lysias and A. led an expedition to the relief of Jerus., which was being besieged by Judas Maccab. (1 Mac 6"*''" ; Jos. Ant. XII. Ix. 3). The armies met at Bethzacharias, some 9 miles to the N. of Bethsura (Bethzur), wliere Judas was defeated (Jos. Ant. XII. ix. 4; Wars, I. i. 5 ; 1 Mac 6").

[2 Mac IS'"- ", on the other nand, represents Judas as victorious, but is clearly onhistorical.] A. took Bethsura, and proceeded to lay siege to Jerus. Within the city scarcity of food was soon felt, as the year was a Sabbatical one (1 Mac 6'"^); and news that Philip was approaching Antioch was received by the besiegers. Peace was made on the condition that the Jews should be left undisturbed in their national customs (1 Mac 6", 2 Mac 13^) ; but A.

violated this condition by destroying the city fortilications and imprisoning the high priest (1 Mac 6"^; Jos. Ant. XII. ix. 7). Philip was conquered with ease at Antioch ; but in B.C. 162 A. himself was betrayed into the hands of his cousin, Demetrius Soter, and put to death (1 Mac 7^ 2 Mac 14'; Jos. Ant. XII. X. 1; App. Syr. 47; Polyb. xxxi. 19; Liv. Epit. 46). R. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS YI. (sumamed 'Ein<pavi]i Atbwaot on coins, but debt in Jos. Ant. XIII.

viL 1) was a son of Alexander Balas (App. Syr. 68) and Cleopatra. In B.C. 145, while still a child, he was brought from Arabia, where he had remained with nis father's captor, and set up by Diodotus (Tryphon, wb. see) as a claimant to the throne of tsyria, then held by Demetrius Nikator. Tryphon secured the support of the Syrian generals, and of Jonathan (wh. see), who was appointed to the civil and ecclesiastical, Simon to the military, headsliip of Pal.: and A.

was acknowledged as king by the greater part of Syria. The success of Jonathan m subduing the whole country from Tyre and Damascus to Egypt aroused the jealousy or the fear of Tryphon, who, by stratagem, imprisoned and afterwards put him to death (B.C. 143). The next year (or possibly later: see Jos. Ant. XI II. viL 1 ; 1 Mac 13" ; App. Syr. 67, 68 ; Justin, xxxvi. 1 ; but the evidence of coins is in favour of the earlier date) Trj'phon procured the aHaa«siuation of A. by surgeons (Liv. Epit.

55), and asBuined the crown of S. Syria in his stead. K. VV. Moss. ANTIOCHUS YII. (sumamed 2iJjH«. fro™ the place of his education. Side in Pamphylia, Euseb. Chron. Arm. i. 349 ; also euaefi-fft in Jos. Ant. XIII. viii. 2 ; and tiepyirrji on coins) was the second son of Demetrius Soter. In B.C. 138 he expelled Tryphon, and without further opposition obtained the throne of Syria.

At lirst he confirmed to Simon iin- mnnitics granted by former kings, and added the right of coining money (1 Mac 15-") ; but after- wards demanded tlie surrender of tlio principal fortresses (1 Mac 15-'""). Simon refusea to give them up, and defeated the king's oflicer Cendebajua (1 Mac le'-'"; Jos. Ant. Xlll. vii. 3). In B.C. 13,'') A. in person led an army into Judsea, and besieged Jerus. The siege lasted for many months, in the course of which A.

sent sacrilices into the city at the Feast of Tabernacles (Jos. A nt. XIII. viii. 2), but allowed no provisions to pa.sa his lines. Peace was at length made on terms which restored the Syrian ■npremacy (Jos. Ant. XIII. viii. 3), without unduly provoking the intervention of Rome (ib. Xlll. ix. 2). In B.C. 129 Hyrcanus (wh. see) accompanied A. In an expedition against the Parthians, but the next year the king fell in battle with Arsaces VII. (ib. XIII. viii. 4; App. Syr. 68; -Tustin, xxxviii.

10; Liv. Epit. 55). li. W. Moss.