Carshena (Hastings' Dictionary)

One of the wise men or coun.sellors of king Ahasuerus, Est 1". See Admatha. CART (■'i'jj;, i)w^a, plaustnim — in the AV the same word is also rendered wacon in Gn 4o"-"-'^ 40', Nu l^"-). — Such vehicles, drawn usually by two oxen (Nu 7'-'-», 1 S 6'- ">, cf. 2 S G^), were used for the conveyance of persons (Gn I.e.), goods (Nu I.e., 1 and 2 S II. c, and Jth 15'"), or produce (Am 2''). Artificial roads seem to have existed in Palestine from a very early period (Nu 20'», Jl' 2i)'\ 1 S i.>"): and the Canaanites conquered by Joshua at the Waters of Merom possessed war chariots (.Jos 1 1", cf. 17" "). Nevertheless, the rough mountainous country of .ludah and of central Pal. was not suit- able for vehicles, and it is to be noticed that we first hear of wagons in connexion with the Hat country of Egypt, or the level pl.ain of Philistia. Carts for agricultural produce may well have been used from the earliest times (Am 2", cf. Is 6"), and for these roads would not be required (see G. A. Smith, Hilt. Geog. p. 6117 IT. ). 'I'lie wagons men- tioned in Nu 7^ were probably covered vehicles (LXX Xa^j-jji-iital, Aq. aKciraaTai) ; but the word 2f is obscure, occurring again only in Is fiiy" in the sense of ' litters? 'The ordinary carts prob- ably resembled those still in use in the East, which have two wheels of solid wood ; but on monuments from Nineveh and Egypt we find representations of vehicles with two and four wheels, the wheels being constructed with six or eight spokes (Laynrd, Nineveh, ii. 396; Wilkin- son, Anc. Eqyp. ii. 211, iii. 179). In Is 28-''- (perhaps also in Am 2'') the 'cart' of EV is really a threshing wagon. Similar instru- ments are still to he seen in the East. Tliev consist of three or four parallel rollers, ridged witli iron, and litted into a square wooden frame (.see AOHICULTUHE). Horses are employed to draw these threshing wagons in Syria at the present day (comp. G. A. Smitii, Hiit. (ieng. p. 613), and they were us(.d for this purpose oven in Isaiah's time, if the ordinary text of Is 28=» is correct (see Dulim, adloc.). H. A. White. CARVING.- 1. Can-ed (KV graven) image (Vcs), the ligure of deities and such-like sculptures used in i.lolatrous worship (Jg 18", 2 Ch Xi'-^, Zi"-). Tcref pcfcl, idolatrous food, is a Jewish name for NT. 2. Caning in relief-work (rU'^P? '■■"'5), as in the ornamental panelling in the holy place of the temple (1 K 6'.", Ps 74"), the two words in the former passage indicating the raised effect (nip) and the hollowing of the gouge (l''7i7). 3. ' Carved works,' RV 'striped' (nbc.i), spoken of a bed-cover (Pr 7'«). Decorative art among the Hebrews was meagre and unoriginal, and generally debased what it imitated (see ART, Aechitf.cture). It had little to encourage it, as its chief employment was in the sen-ice of religion, and the true religion was the worship of the Invisible. The Ileb. mind differed from the Greek in obeying an ordinance because it was an ordinance, rather than because of the com- pulsion of its inward beauty. In the building of Solomon's temple the best art available was em- ployed upon the richest materials, but the details are more about outlay than effect, and the point of view in the description is sacrifice rather than symmetry. The result of the finished glory is left to be imagined. Finally, the second command- ment was interpreted as a specific prohibition. In the same way tne Moslems abstain from the repre- sentation of life in ornament, and have developed the decorative treatment of geometrical form. G. M. Mackie. CASE {casus, anything that befalls one, hence any condition of one's affairs) : Ps 144" ' Happy is the people tliat is in such a case' (.Vl ; cf. Ac 25" RV) ; Jn 5 ' he had been now a long time in that case' ; 2 Es 16-' ' they shall think themselves to be in good case ' (cf. Geneva Bible, Gn 40" ' When thou art in good case, show mercie unto rae,' AV ' Wlien it shall be well with thee ') ; Ex 5" ' they were in evil case,' cf. Jon 4" RV ; Dt 19 ' this is the case of the slayer ' (-i?-?) ; and Mt 19'" ' if the case of the man be so with his wife' (oWa). The phrase ' in any case ' occurs in the obs. sense ' by any means ' in Dt 22' ' thou shalt in any case brinjj them again' ('bringing thou shalt bring,' RV 'thou shalt surely bring'); and 24". In Mt S*' ' Ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven,' the Gr. is the two negatives (ov /jl-/)), which, in the declining lang. of NT, are not always more emphatic tlian the single negative, but they seem to be .so here (RV ' in no wise '). In Ro 3' RV gives 'are we in worse case than they?' for AV 'are we better than they?' (Gr. irpotxiMf^". See Kield, Otium Norv. iii. ad luc, and an excellent note in Sanday-Headlam's Romans). J. Hastings.