Cattle (Hastings' Dictionary)

No fewer than six Heb. and two Gr. words are tr. in the Bible by cattle. 1. ijpo mikneh. The primary meaning of the word is wealth or possessions. It is so tr. Ec 2', where [liii i|35 njpp is rendered AV 'possessions of great and small cattle,' KV 'possessions of herds and flocks.' Among nomaos, whose riches consist principally in herds and flocks, the word for pos- sessions came to mean cattle. Thus the Arab. rtiAl, pi. amwAl, when used in connexion with the shep- herd's life, usually means cattle in the generic sense. Mikneh certainly includes horses, asses, oxen, sheep, and goats (Gn 47'"), where Joseph says, ' give your cattle (C3'ipi), and 1 will give you for your cattle ' (cj-jp;). "The narrator then states (v.") that 'they brought their cattle (ci-jp?) . . . horses . . .flocks (jxsn 'd, RVm cattle of the flocks) . . . cattle of the herds (ijin 'd, RVm also cattle of the herds) . . . asses ; and he fed them ^vith bread for all their cattle ' (cri-jpp-'jr). The historian then says (47"), ' my lord also hath our herds of cattle ' (.-icnzn 'd). Mikneh may also be understood, in all passages where its meaning is not otherwise defined, to include all the domestic animals, which con- stituted so much of the wealth of the Hebrews. Mikneh is also rendered herd as above (Gn 47"), an(i flocks (Ps 78). The expression .ijpp ■s'jk (Gn 4G^-), awkwardly rendered in text AV ' their trade hath been to feed cattle,' KV 'they have been keepers of cattle,' is better rendered as AVm ' they are men of cattle,' or, still better, /terdmen. An- other meaning of the root njij, from which mikneh is derived, is to hut/, and in Hiphil to cause to buy, i.e. to sell. This is the true meaning in the passage (Zee 13') '}}^ri cix, where AV has rendered the clau.se 'man taught me to keep cattle,' as if •■'ji?, which means also to possess, meant particulaily to possess or keep cattle. RV renders the passage ' I have been made a hondnuin,' i.e. man has sold me. 2. ncn; bch' m^ih, tr^ cattle in the places where it occurs with .Tn (Gn l^-as 3' 8', Ps 148'», Is 46'), also, arbitrarily, in many other places. Probably the Eng. word beast, which is as flexible in its meaning and use a,sbchim&h, would more adequately CAUDA CAVE 363 express it. 3. [Ns zu'n. This word is translated AV 'cattle' in two places (Gn 30" 31"), in both of which liV has ' llocKs,' i.e. both sheep and goats. 4. ^p; bi'ih&r. This word, which means oxen, is rendered in one place cattle (Jl 1'"), lijj 'yn ' herds of cattle.' 5. TV? be'ir. Twice in AV translated cattle (Nu 20, Ps 78"), KV adds Nu 20»- ". See Beast. 6. -y seh. This word, which primarily means one of a flock of sheep or goats (cf. Arab. shAt), is once tr. AV 'lesser cattle,' RV 'sheep' (Is 7"), and once AV, KV 'small cattle' (Is 43^). See Sheep. The word 'cattle' occurs twice in NT, once (Jn 4") as the tr° of Bpi/ifuiTa, and once (Lk 17') in the collocation 'feeding cattle' {TroLimlvoi'Ta, liV ' keeping sheep '). G. E. Post. CAUDA (KaOSa in B, confirmed by a few inferior authorities, by KavSii in Suidas, KaOJot in Xotitia Episcupatuum, viii. 240 ; Gnudus in Pliny, Nnt. Hist. iv. 12 (61), and Pomp. Mela, ii. 114. KXaOSa is the form in k, supported by the majority of other authorities, and by KXavSos in Ptol. iiL 15. 8 ; Hierocles, Synecd. 651, 2, and Notitia Episcop. 9. 149 ; and KXauJia in the StiidiHsmus Maris Magni, % 328, AV Clauda) was an island off the S. coast of Crete. Amid the varying forms of the name, the preference must be given to the forms in which the letter L is omitted, as is proved beyond dispute by the mod. forms Gavdlio in Greek and Gozzo in Italian. The Alex, ship laden with corn in which Paul sailed from Myra for Rome, after lying becalmed for a considerable time in Fair Havens, proceeded on its course favoured by a light northerly breeze ; but shortly after rouncling Cape Matala (about 4 miles on its course), while the vessel was standing towards W.N.W. across the mouth of the Gulf of Messara, it was caught by a sudden eddying blast from E.N.E., which struck down from the lofty mountains of the island, and it could do nothing except scud before the wind, until, after running about 23 miles, it was able to get under the lee of Cauda (Ac 27'°), where in calmer water it became po.ssible to attend to the condition of the ship. "The perfect a'Teement of the description in Ac with the natural features and winds of the coa.st (where, acconling to Captain Stewart, R.N., 'southerly winds almost invariably shift to a violent northerly wind ') has been admir- ably brought out by James Smitli in his V";/"r/e and Shipwreck of St. Paul, p. tlfill'. According to Suidas, wild asses of unusually large size lived on the island. There was a city on the islanii, which was the seat of a bishop in Byzantine times. It lay almost due S. of Phienix, and is mentioned next to it in the Byzantine autliorities. \V. M. Ramsay.