Concordances

When the minute verbal comparison of one passage of Holy Scripture with another was felt to play a necessary part in arriving at the proportion of faith, and, in later times, at a eee critical treatment of the text, and especially when the Bible was treated more as a whole than as a collection of books of vary- ing dates and composition, the need for more or less exhaustive Concordances was immediately felt, and it was not long before attempts were inade to provide for the need.

This was ren- dered the more easy by the printing of the text divided into verses as well as chapters. Alpha- betical lists of words occurring in the sacred books were drawn up, as well as lists of the passages in which they occurred, with the salient words of the context, such as are given in Cruden’s Con- cordance tothe AV. These lists of words varied in their degree of completeness; but no Con- cordance can reasonably be expected to contain every quotation of every word ; e.g.

in an English Concordance such words as ‘and,’ ‘the,’ etc., are omitted. The interest taken in this accumulation of evidence about the occurrence of words and phrases is testified to by the fact that, for instance, in the ease of Concordances to the LXX there are not only several which have been published, but there is certainly one unprinted in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin,* by Dr. Ambrose Aungier, Chan- cellor of St. Patrick’s Cathedral.

There is also in existence a MS Hebrew Concordance by Elias Levita, compiled in the 16th century. For the pur; +s of the present volume it will be useful to supply a list of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and English Concordanves to the Bible, giving the titles of those now most constantly in use, and of some of the earliest ones that seem to have been published. i. HEBREW.—Concordantie sacrorum bibliorum Hebraicorum...

auctore Mario de Calasio (Rome, 1621) [this was based on Isaac Nathan’s earlier work, which was first published at Venice in 1564, more than a hundred years after its compila- u tion]; Fuerst, Librorum Sacrorwm Veteris Testa- * See Expositor, 5th series, vol. iii. (1896) p.

72 menti Concordantie Hebraice atque Chaldaice (Leipzig, 1840); Davidson, Concordance of the Hebrew and Chaldaic Scriptures (Bagster: London, 1876); Mandelkern, Veteris Testamenti Concor- dantie Hebraice atque Chaldaice (Leipzig, 1896). A smaller edition of the last work, without quota- tions, was published at Leipzig in 1897. ii. GREEK. — (1) SEPTUAGINT. — Concordantie Veteris Testamenti Grece Hebreis vocibus respon- dentes . auctore C.

Kirchero (Frankfort, 1607) ; Trommius, Concordantie Grece versionis... LXX Interpretum (Amsterdam) ; Handy Concordance of the Septuagint, without quotations (Bagster, 1887). All these are now more or less superseded by Hatch and Redpath’s Concordance to the Septua- gint, and other Greek Versions of the OT (Claren- don Press, 1892-1897), with its two supplemental fasciculi, of which one, containing the proper names, is already published, and the second is on the eve of publication.

(2) NEw TESTAMENT. — Novi Testamenti Con- cordantie Greece... (Basle, 1546); Bruder, Con- cordance (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1853); Moulton and Geden, Concordance to the Greek Testament, accord- ing to the Texts of Westcott and Hort, Tischen- dorf and the English Revisers (Edinburgh, 1897). ili, LATIN.

—The Concordance of Hugo de Sancto Caro (1244; revised 1290); Concordantie maiores biblie tam dictionti declinabilia quam indeclina- bilium [by Sebastian Brant] (Basle, 1496); Dutri- pon, Concordantie Bibliorum Sacrorum Vulgate Editionis (Paris, 1838); Cooraert, Concordantie librorum Veteris et Novi Testaments. . juxta Vul- gatam Editionem (Bruges, 1892). iv. ENGLISH.—A Concordance, that ts to say, a work wherein by the order of the letters of the A. B.C.

ye maie redely finde any word conteigned in the whole Bible. . [by J. Marbeck] [London] 1550; Cruden, A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scrip- tures (1st ed.), London, 1738. Upon this almost all later Concordances have been more or less based; T. Taylor, 4 New Concordance to the Holy Scriptures (Ist ed., York, 1782); Eadie, A New and Conyplete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, on the basis of Cruden’s (1st ed., Glasgow, 1840); R. Young, Analytical Concordance to the Bible ...

containing every word in alphabetical order, arranged under its Hebrew or Greek original (Edinburgh, 1879 [-84]); Strong, The Lwhaustive Concordance of the Bible, together with a compara- tive Concordance of the AV and RV (Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1894). In the Comprehensive Concordance to the Holy meter (London, 1895) is to be found a ‘ Bibliography of Concordances,’ by Dr. M. C. Hazard. A Concordance to the NT in English was pub- lished by T. Gybson [London] in 1535.

A Com- plete Concordance to the Revised Version of the NT ... by J. A. Thoms, was issued by the 8.P.C.K. (London) in 1884. For a fuller account of Hebrew Concordances, see art. ‘Concordance’ in the Jewish Encyclopedia, to which the present writer is indebted for certain statements in this article. For further details con- cerning Greek Concordances, see Hapositor, 5th series, vol. iii. (1896) p.

72; and for an account of Cruden and his labours, see the article ‘Cruden’ in the Dictionary of National Biography. Henry A. REDPATH.