Ctpresb

AB in the case of the box tree {tiash^hur), there is nothing in the philolopy to indicate what tree is Bipnilied. The root, which is obsolete in Heb., signifies in Arab. to be strong or hard. The tree is mentioned (Is 44") in connexion with the cedar and the oak. It might be any of the numerous coniferous or cnpu- liferous trees of Bible lands, but there is no means of telling which. The LXX gives us no help, the sentence being confused, and not a tr. of the Hebrew.

The cypress, Cuprestus semjtervirens, L., is abund- ant, and suitable as to hardness, but we have no certainty that it is intended. Furthermore, it is probable that Ctipressus aempervirens is the fir. See FlH. Under these circumstances, the best way would be to transliterate, as in tlie case of the algum and almug, and call the tree tirzah. G. E. Post. CYPRUS lies in the N.E. comer of the Levant (34" 33'— 35° 41' N. lat., 32° 17'— 34° 36' E. long.)

, between the convergent coasts of Cilicia and Syria. On its N. coast Cape Kormakiti is only 46 Eng. miles from Cape Anamur, in Cilicia, and its E. extremity. Cape Andrea, only 60 (miles) from Latakia on the Syrian coast. Consequently, the whole line of the CUieian coast is easily visible from the sea-level in C, and vice versd, while the Lebanon can be seen at sunrise even from Stavroviini near Larnaka (2260 ft.)* Its greatest breadth, from Cape Gata to Cape Konnaktti, is 60 Eng.

miles, and its ex- treme length, from Cape Drepano to Cape Andrea, is 145 ; but the latter includes the Karpass pro- montory, which, though 45 miles long, is nowhere more than 10 miles across. Tlie nearly straight N. coast from Cape Kormakiti to Cape Andrea measures about 100 miles. The area of C. is 3707 square miles, or about equal to that of Norfolk and Sullolk ; it is larger than Corsica or Crete, but smaller than Sicily or Sardinia. C.

consists of two mountain masses, separated by a broad low-lying plain : (1) The S.W. half of the Island ia occupied Ly a range composed of crystal- line and metalliferous rocks, which in its western acd highest section is called Troodo.s (6406 ft.), and is continued through Midhari (5305 ft.), I'apiitsa (5124 ft.), and the iMAkhaeru range (4674 ft.) to the almost isolated Stavroviini (2260 ft.), about 12 miles from Lamaka.

The same rocks reaiipear in the plateau of limestone and gypsum beds between Larnaka and Eamngiista, but never rise to more than 300 ft. (2) The Alessaoriil or ' midland ' • Of. Ib 231, when) the homeward-bound merchantmen flrat ■ee the sniokc of bumin(( Tyre from Mieir \iktit ntivhoroge at Kitlon : ' from ttie land of Kit'tim it ia revealed to them.' plain extends along the N. and N.E. side oi Alakhaera from the Bay of M6rphu to that of Famagdsta.

A very low watershed divides the basin of the SerAkhis, flowing towards M6rpliu, from that of the Pediks(lIc6iaios)and YaliAs, which rise from the N. side of Mdkhaera and reach the sea at Salamis through extensive marshes. (3) The N. range is a straight, narrow, and abrupt ridge of the Anatolian limestone, and extends lOO miles from Cape Kormakiti to Cape Andrea. Its highest peak is Bufi'avcinto (3135 ft.), crowned by a Byzan- tine fortress. U. Elias or K6mo3 (3106 ft.)

and Tr/pa Vun6 (3085 ft.) are conspicuous peaks in the West. Pentedilktylo, farther E., rises to 2405 ft., and Olyiiibos to 2431 f t^; but in the Karpass nothing is higher than Sina Uros (2380 ft.), close to the fortress of Kantdra (161 ft.) Pdmbulos, near Rhizokirpaso, reaches only 1194 ft. The northern coastland E. and W. of Keryuia is narrow, but well watered and very fertile. The only accurate map of C.

is the Government Trigonometrical Survey (Stanford, 1885), incorpor- ated in the subsequent editions of the Admiralty Chart of Cyprus (No. 2074). The principal resources of C. in ancient and mediaeval times were copper and timber. The former, which in fact derives its name from that of the island, was worked in great abundance on the N.

side of Tr6odos and Mdkhaera, from Lfmni near the Bay of Klir^sokhu, to Frdngissa (Tamassos) and LithrodcSnda ; and in less quantity near Tremi- thushd (Treniithus). The principal centres of export were Soloi (Karavostdsi) and Marion (Poli dis Khr/sokhu). The supply was finally exhausted some time in the Middle Ages. Iron was worked from the 9th cent. n.C. onwards in the country about Mdkhaera, though it never rivalled copper in commercial importance. Pliny (xxxiv.

2) says that only inferior qualities were worked in his time. Aluch glass was made in Roman times at Tamassos and elsewhere (Pliny, xxxvi. 193). The forests of C. had not wholly disappeared even in imperial times, though they were already very much reduced in area by the continuous export of timber (Strabo, xiv. 5). The cypress ( A V ' fir ') or Karamanian pine is the principal forest tree; and the juniper (?, the 'cypress Itirzn/i.']

ofIs44'*') probably formerly attained great size in C, and still grows freely oetween Larnaka and Famagiista. Besides these, C. has always pro- duced much wine and oil ; and carobs, anise, and madder are considerable crops. It grew enough com for its own population in the time of Augustus (Strabo, xiv. 5), and exports it now. Ladanum and resin were exported under the Roman Emjiire (Pliny, xii. 74, xiv. 123, xxiv. 34). Both Pliny (xxvii. 23. 58. 121, etc.) and Strabo (iii.

15) reooid the occurrence of precious stones ; and the former, mines of alum and gyiisum (xxx\d. 183). Salt is made in lagoons near Larnaka (Kition), and Pliny records the manufacture here (xxxi. 75) and at Salamis (xxxi. 84). History. — The copper and the timber of C, so long as the supply lasted, gave the i.sland an im- portance in c<minierce and civilization out of all proportion to it« size.

From the earlier part of tlie Bronze Age Cyprus maintained a large population and an art and culture distinct and in many res|]e<'ts highly developed, and ex])orted copper to Syria, Cilicia, and probal)ly to Egypt, to tlie farther parts of Asia Minor, and even to Central Europe. The influence also of Cypriote pottery was felt in Syria, and widely in A.><ia Minor ; some of the liner varieties have been found in Egypt, South Pales- tine, Tliera, Athens, and the Tioad. C.

was invaded by Tahutiiies ill. of the 18th dynasty of Egypt (n.C. 1503-1440), and appears to have remained tributary to Egypt for some time. 540 CYPRUS GYRENE It has been snggeated by Maspero and others that the Keftiu (cf. OT 'Caphtor') include the in- habitants of C. ; but the usual Egyp. name for C. is Asi (Flinders Petrie, Hist. Eg. ii. 118. 124). The next period of Cypriote art and civilization is of great importance, but very obscure.

Myce- naean settlements have been found on a number of sites, and the contact with their higher art and culture brought about a profound change in that of Cyprus. About the same time the abundant deposits or iron began to be worked, at fir.st for ornaments, but very soon for weapons and tools. Greek tradi- tion asserted a very early colonization of C, and esp.

of Kurion and Salamis, both of which are now known to have been Mycenaean centres ; and tradi- tion is confirmed by the primitive ' iEoIic ' dialect of Greek which was spoken, and the peculiar syllabic script, which was not displaced by the Greek alphabet until the 4th cent. On the other hand, Phoen. inscriptions have been found in C. of the 9th cent, and onwards, and there are indica- tions that the culture of the Syrian coast had influence in C. even earlier. The natural centre of Phoen.

influence was Kition (mod. Lamaka), but Phoenicians and Greeks seem to have settled side by side aU over the island. Kition (and perliaps ail C. ) appears to have been irregularly tributary to Tyre in the 10th to 8th cent. (Jos. c. Ap. I. 18 ; Ant. YVa. V. 3, X. xiv.) Consequently, C. was involved in the conquest of Phoenicia in 709 by Sargon, an important inscription of whom has been found at Kition (Berlin Museum).

Later, Esar- haddon and Assurbanipal record tribute received from twelve kings of C. , some of whom appear to bear Greek names, while the island itself appears as Jaiman (' Ionian '). About 660 C. was conquered and attached to Egypt by Amasis (Hd. ii. 182), and on his fall in 525 passed, with Egypt, to Cambyses of Persia (id. ui. 19. 21). In 501 the Greeks of C, in sym- pathy with those of Ionia, rebelled against Persia (irf. V. 105 f.)

, but in so mixed a population united eflbrt was impracticable ; the revolt was soon put do^vn, and in 480 C. furnished 150 ships to the fleet of Xerxes [id. vii. 90). During the 5th cent. C. re- mained under Persia, in spite of Cimon's repeated attempts to attach it to the Athenian League ; but a brisk copper trade was maintained with Athens, which sent fine pottery and bronze work in return. Early in the 4th cent.

Evagoras succeeded in makmg Salamis the leading state in C, and in 387 openly revolted from Persia. But the Phoenician interest was wholly against him ; the Greeks, as osnal, were divided, and the attempt failed. Alex- ander the Great, however, received the voluntary submission of all the states of C. after the battle of Issufl, and efiScient help at the siege of Tyre from their fleets, and supplies of timber. At nis death (323) C.

fell, with Egypt, to the share of Ptolemy, but was seized by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a desperate sea-fight (Diod. Sic. xx. 759-761) and vigorous siege of Salamis. In 295, however, Ptolemy reconquered the island, which long re- mained closely attached to Egypt. It is under this regime that we first hear of Je^vish settlers in C. (1 Mac 15"). It was for a few years (B.C. 107- 89) a separate but dependent kingdom under Ptolemy Lathyrus, but in B.C.

58 was annexed by Rome, as security for financial loans to the bank- rupt Ptolemy Auletes. After reorganization by M. Cato it was first attached to the province of Cilicia, but was made a separate province by Augustus after Actium. As long as serious danger waa to be apprehended in the East, the new pro- vince, with its neighbours, remained imperial, and was governed by a proprietor (Dio. Cass. liii. 12 ; Strabo, xiv. 683 [/coi fw]). No monuments remain of this period.

But very soon afterwards C. was transferred to the Senate (Dio. Cass. liii. 12. liv. 4); consequently, Ac 13' is strictly accurate in describ ing Sergius Paulus as proconsul {dyBi'iraTos) in A.D 46. Of this Sergius Paulus no coins are kno'vvn, but an inscription exists at Karavostasi, which ia dated irl QavXov [drBv] irdrou (Hogarth, Devia Cypria p. 114). Several other names of proconsuls are known, e.p. Julius Cordus, CIG 2631, L. Annius Bassus, his successor, A.D.

52, CIG 2632 (quoted Conybeare and Howson, i. p. 187). See Hogarth, Devia Cypria, Appx., for a complete list. The seat of government was at Paphos (wh. see), which had been the capital of the Ptolemaic priest- king, deposed in B.C. 68, and was most easUy accessible from the west, though Salamis (wh. see) was by far the largest and most important town in the island, owing to its proximity to the Syrian coast.

Paphos was connected with Salamis by two roads — one inland and north of Tr6odos, vid Soloi, Tamassos, and Tremithus, about four days' journey ; the other easier, and along the south coast, vi& Kurion, Amathus, and Kition, about three days.* Neither of these was a Roman military road, but both followed well-worn native tracks. Jews appear to have settled in C.

in large numbers under the Ptolemaic regime, and probably more were attracted thither under the early Empire by the fact that Herod the Great farmed the Cypriote copper mines (Jos. Ant. xvi. iv. 5, cf. xix. 26, 28). They seem to have had more than one synagogue in Salamis (Ac 13°). The dispersion after the death of Stephen carried Christians as far as Cyprus (Ac 11"), and shortly afterwards Cypriotes were preaching in Antioch (Ac 11").

Of'^ Cypriote Christians, two are known by name: Mnason, 'an original convert' (dpxaiof fiadrrr-fis, Ac 21"), and Joseph the Levite, surnamed Barnabas, the friend and companion of St. Paul (Ac 4'«). In A.D. 117 the Jews of C. revolted, massaoied 240,000 pagans, and destroyed a large part of Salamis. Hadrian, afterwards emperor, suppressed the disorder, and expelled all Jews from Cyprus (Milman, iii. Ill, 112). The Cliristian Church of C. was divided into thir- teen bishoprics ; in the 4th cent.

, in consequence of the supposed discovery at Salamis (wh. see) of St. Matthew's Gospel in the tomb of Barnabas, it was made autonomous, and the Patriarch has ever since enjoyed the right to sign his name in red ink. The Council of C. in 401 was summoned, on the suggestion of Theophilus of Alexandria, to pro- hibit the reading of the works of Origen.

The word ' Cyprus ' does not occur in OT, but the island and the town Kition are frequently alluded to as ' Kittim,' which is identified with Cyprus by Jos. {Ant. I. vi. 1), Xidi/w. . Ki'/irpos aCrij yOn (taXfiToi (cf. Epiph. Mar. xxx. 25). See Kittim. LmiRATURi.— (^) MisosLLANKOUB : Cobham, An Attempt at a Bibliography qf Cypnu, Nicosia (3rd ed.), 1894 (exhaustive): Enpel, Kyprot, Berlin, 1841, 3 vols. ; Ungeru. Kotschy, Die Intel Cypern, Vienna, 180.^-66; Oberhummer, Aits Cyprm.

Berlin, 1890-92, Studien zur alien Qeographi< von Cypem, Munich, 1891; A. Sakellarios, Ti K(/t/ii«««, Athens, 1890-91, 2 vols. (B) ANTiqurrlKS : Perrot and Chipiez, Uist. de VArt dan* VAntiquiii (vol iii. Phcenicia and Cyprus), Paris, 1885 (K.T. London, 1886) ; Ohnetal8ch-Richt«r, Kyjrroi, Berlin, 1892, 4to, 2 vols, (many plates) ; and the papers of de Mas Latrie, L. Ross, R. H. Lang, L. P. and A. P. di Cesnola. and O. Colonna Ceccaldi ; cf.

historical sketch in Ileuzey, Les Figurines de Terre Cuite du Louvre, Paris. 1S91 ; Myret mi O.-Eichter, Cyprus Museum Catalogue, Oxlord, 1897. J. L. MyrKS. CYRENE {Kv/y^vii), the chief city in Libya in N.

Africa, about half-way between Carthage and • The Peutinger Table gives («) Paphos — li— Palffiphats CPalR)papho8) — xiil— Curio — ivi — Amathus — xxiiil — Cito — (xxiii)— Salamina : (xovi in allX 03) Paphoe— ixiii— SoIoa>— xxix— Tamiso— xxiili — Thremitus — xvlii— Cito — (xiliij — Sal» mina : (cxvi in all). CTREXIUS CYRUS 541 Alexandria, was the capital of a small province oorrcsponiling to the modem Tripoli. Although in Afnca, it was a Greek city, dating from B.C. G31.

It was famous for its heauty of .situation, its commerce, and its culture. Alexander the Great granted the rights of citizenship in it to Jews on equal terms with Greeks, and it became an important centre of the Jews of the Dispersion, the fourth of the population being Jewish according to Josephus. In the reign of Manasseh, Psam- mitichus, king of E"ypt, carried off many Jews and settled them in the parts of Libya about C.

, while one of the Ptolemies transported 100,000 Jews to Pentapolis in the same district. Like other communities of the Hel. Jews, the Cyrenians had a synagogue of their own in Jerus., and seem to have been more Jewish than the Jews them- selves (Ac 6'). There were Cyrenians among the first preachers of the gospel, and they were associ- ated with the great forward movement of preach- ing; it for the first time to the Gentiles (Ac 1 1"*-"). Lucius of C.

(Ac 13') is said by tradition to have been the first bishop of his native district. Tradi- tion also connects St. Mark with the first estab- lishment of Christianity in this part of Africa. An interesting speculation gathers round the name of Simon of C. (Mt 27'*). lie is referred to as the father of Alexander and Kufus, evidently well known to Mark's readers (Mk 15") ; while .St.

Paul in his Epistle to the Romans refers to one Rufus as holding an honourable position among the brethren there, ' Salute Rufus, chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine ' (Ro 16"). From this it has been conjectured that while St. Paul was studying at Jenis. he enjoyed the motherly care of Simon's wife. After Alexander's death, the district of which C was capital became a dependency of Egypt. Under the Kom. rule it was called Cyrenaica, and was politically connected with Crete.

In the 4th cent, the city was destroyed by the Saracens, and is now desolate. Cyrenian (Kupiji/aioj). — Two Cyrenians are men- tioned in Scripture : Simon who bore our Lord's cross (Mt 27"), ami Lucius a Christitui teacher (Ac 13'). W. MUIK.