Dress (Hastings' Dictionary)

The study of Oriental dress serves to explain particular allusions to clothing in the Bible ; it imparts a fresh interest to the narrative by presenting to the eye a picture of those written aoout J and through a knowledge of the various articles of costume and of Oriental usage and sentiment connected with them, it enables us t« follow the sacred writers into the figurative mean- ings they sought to convey when common facta about the outward garments were applied to the clothing of the inner man. Special attention is rendered necessary by the fact that while the feneral character of Oriental dress is recognized y all, it is often difficult to pronounce upon particular articles as to origin, material, and usage. In this respect the subject resembles that of I'al. architecture, inasmuch as an ancient wall may have stones of Phienician, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Saracenic, and Crusading styles, and yet the ex- perienced archaeologist may have much ditficulty in naming the builder and assigning the date of actual construction. So with regard to dress, amid certain features that were characteristic of Israel, the separated people copied largely from the customs of Canaan, Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and Rome. The chief points of inquiry are those that deal with 1. Materials of Dress ; 2. Articles of Dress ; 3. Oriental Custom and thought about Dress. 1. Materials OF Drkss. —These were(l) wool and hair; (2) linen and cotton; (3) silk. 1. Wool (ijy), Hair (ij;?). One of the earliest forms of clothing in the East would be that of a sheejiskin worn as a vest or jacket, or in the larger form of a cloak made of several sewn together, with the wool left on. These are still in use with the wool either inside or outside. The next stage was the removal of the wool and the art of weaving (which see). Sheep-shearing is mentioned in Gn 31'" .38", 1 S io^"-, 2 S 13'^''- etc. The hair of the goat has also been used from time immemorial, especially for material that had to bear much exposure and strain. The shepherds' tents are made of it, also bags for holding grain and flour. Hence it is called sackcloth (pe). The hair of the camel was also manufactured into cloth, rougher than that made from wool, but softer than sackcloth. At present it is largely employed for cloaks and rugs, and naturally for camel harness. The term ny^H (1 K 19'»'», 2 K 2", Jos 7'-' ", Jon 3«) may either indicate that the cloak was originally taken from a skin, or may be simply descriptive of its size. The com bination i^e" nn^x occurs Gn 25", Zee 13. 2. Cotton, Linen, dj^ (Arab, shas/i), a'R^fs; "i;, pa (Arab, hazz), piacot ; njnj (Arab, kitun), dffiviop, X/«os. The warmth of the Oriental climate and the a<lvance of civilization bringing more of indoor- life and social gradation, tended to create a wide- sjiread demand for this manufacture. Egypt and Syria sent their merchandise of linen and broidered goods to Tyre, E/.k 27'- ". The Indian source of sujiiily is preserved in the Arab, name S/teshHindi (Imlian cambric). The word karpus (of Persian origin) should also be translated 'cotton' in Est 1". See Cotton. Cotton and linen were not carefully distinguished. At the present day the Indian 624 DRESS DKESS cotton cloth with stamped brijjlit patterns, used for hangings and dados, is very like the linen of the Egyptian mummy-cloths. For the Israelites it was enough to know that those stuli's were both of vegetable fibre, and not of wool. The mixture of wool and linen was called ubiv (Dt 22", Lv 19" only), a word of uncertain (perhaps Egyi'tian) origin (see Driver, ad loc). Garments made of it were forbidden to the Israelites. 3. SUk. T? Ezk 16'<'•'^ aiipi.Kbi', Rev 18" (from 2^pf s, the name of an Indian people from whom, ace. to Strabo [516, 701], the ancients got the first silk). A common name for silk in Arabic is harir, a word whose derivation la most uncertain (see Friinkel, Aram. Frenulioorter, 39. In Pr 31-^ AV incorrectly gives 'silk' as tr° of ^7 (RV correctly ' fine linen'). II. Articles of Dress. — 1. Shirt, Sheet, Linen Garment (inj sadin, aiySuy, Jg 14'»- '», Pr SI'', Is S^, 1 Mac IC, Mk 14"). This was worn next to the body, and was nearest in purpose to the first cover- ings mentioned in Gn 3'- ". When it appears as the only garment, it is a cotton or linen wrapper of various sizes. Once representing all, it continued to give something of its character to all the other articles of Oriental dress. It would be the waist- cloth of the Israelites in the brick-fields of Egypt as shown in the monuments,a towel, whiteor coloured, wrapped tightly round the loins or reaching do\vii towards the knees. Of similar material and shape, though somewhat larger, it was worn in Palestine by boatmen, fishermen, wood-sawyers, and drawers of water. It was also found as a simple large sheet thro>vn round the body (Mk 14"), with an end flung over the shoulaer, with or without a girdle. When worn with other garments it took the form of a night shirt, of white cotton or linen, or coarse silk, reaching below the knees. It was made by town under conditions of trade and agriculture. The alterations consisted in having the entire front cut open, long sleeves attached, and the shape more adapted to the figure. The two fronts were drawn tightly round the body overlapping each other, and the waist was firmly bound with a • <\T(Kith6neth). belt or sash. It thus resemhlt-il a caisock ot dressing-gown. From the fact of its covering and supplementing the shirt, and being like it in tonn, it was obviously meant to be superior to it in material and appearance. It was most frequently EOTPTIAN LOIS-CIXVTH AND 8TRIAN BIIIRT. taking a long piece of the material and folding it into two equal lengths, with the sides eewn up, and holes at the top comers for the arms, or with sleeves inserted. At the present day it is usually sold without any opening for the head. This is the proof that it is new, and allows the purchaser to please himself as to whether the opening is to be small or large, plain oromamental. It is the same for nienandwomen.thelatterrequiringalargeropening for convenience in nursing. Anyone wearing only the sliirt is called naked (Jn 21'). It is undress. 2. Coat (njh? kUhSneth, x'ruf, tunica). The shirt passed by easy transition to the tunic-coat or second garment. It completed the indoor costume for family life, the shop, and familiar outdoor sur- roundings. It was not needed in the simple privacy of pastoral or Bedawi life, and its presence marked the change to the life of the village and • ' Bilk ' ]t Kcept«d by Sicff riedStade aa the meaning: of V^, but A. R Davidson ^Comm. ad toe.) doubts i( mlk was worn as early as the time ot Ezekkl. 'The L.\.\ (T^.t«''"Oand ancienw thought ot some ven- thin and delicate muterial. The kind ot gannent was probably some large wrapper or veil oovering the whole penon.^ made of striped and bright-coloured cotton or linen, and sometimes of woollen cloth. The over- lapping front confined by the girdle formed a recess for carrying any small parcel, snch as bread for the journey. A slit was made on each side of the skirt, about a foot long, so as to allow greater freedom in walking. See CoAT. 3. Cloak (Vyo mi- il, rht^v siml&h, nia beged, liiAnor ; Arab, jubbeh, mtshlah, abAa'). — Yhe outermost garment was distinguished by its greater size, and the absence of the girdle. There was much variety in shape, quality, and material caused by the social position of the wearer and the style of Baby- lonia, Egypt, or Syria, which it most resembled. It was called 19, roSripnris, from its length ; ^n^, niDJ, n-S, (irevii^rrii, rfpi^iiXator, from its enveloping fulness. Hence it represents clothing generally, and is translated 'apparel,' 'raiment,' 'vesture,' ' attire,' etc. To it especially refer the expressions 'changes of raiment,' 'suits of apparel.' Two varieties may be distinguished, (a) S-yp, (rroXij. This wa.1 a long loose robe with very wide sleeves worn over the belted ooat and shirt. It was a dress DRESS DRESS 625 that expressed dijinity, culture, and distinction, and was expressly the mark of the priestly, educated, -ttealthy, and oiruial classes. Itrescuililcd (2) in len^'th, and vas as much sujierior to it as it was to the shirt. While a public dress, it was of lifihter and more ornamental material than tlie wiuare simlali, w hich was ])re-eniinently the o\it- door cloak. It was the characteristic robe of the professions (1 Ch U-'', 1 S ■2"> IS-''), the mark of hi-li yank and station ( 1 S 1S-''2I''), the ny^qD mnhillAzah, suit of exchan^'e of the llcljrews (Is3, , ZecS-), the ilt'uib or buddUh of the Arabs. In E^'vpt it is sometimes worn as a long black sur[)li(-e, but usually it is ojjen and unconfined. Such was tlie robe of the Ephod with its f rinjics and bells sway- ing with the motion of the figure. The Jewisli tiillith and the Arabic bunwiis resemble it in ornamental lightness, but the stripes of the one and the form of the other point rather to the AiHiMA. It was worn by Saul (1 S24^), was given by Jonathan to David (I S IS), was the long robe of the Pharisees (Lk 20^^), and of those ' arrayed in white robes' (Hev 7'). It was always emblenuitic of social intercourse and high rank. It was tlie hnest kind, however, is made of one entire jiiece. Such, most likely, was Clirist's 'garment without seam'(Jn 19^). I'lie 'hairy garment'(n'ii»<),Gn 2d-\ may have been a camebhair simldh. The Arabs CLOAK OR KOBE (_M^'U, ffTOkl). full dress of ancient limes. At present in Syria it is almost conhncd to the Oriental clergy, and to Moslems of tlie ollicial and merchant classes, tlie latter often having it faced and ]iartly lined with soft fur. Joseph's coat (cpj ni.-i?) was most likely an open long im'-'U. It was an unusual artiile of jiastoralor Hedawi dress, which general! v com prises the shirt with belt, and the sipiare cloak or aiinli'ih. of wool or haircloth, with frequently a sheeiiskin vest between. Such a special garment worn by Joseph would be a mark of favour and an oecasion of jealous comiiarison. The coat (I'V 'robe'), 1 S2'", annually brought to Samuel would also be of this sort. (/) T\'^zx> simWi, IiiAtiov. This was the largest am! heaviest article of Oriental dress, being the dress of travel, of the sheiilierd, worn for protection against cold and rain, and used as a covering during sleep (Kx 22-"). It consisted of a jiicce of cloth about 7 ft. from right to left, and 4J from top to bottom. A width of U ft. was folded in at each side, and sewn along the top, with a slit at each topiorner through wliiili tin' band and wrist could pass. The garment thus losing about l.J ft. on caili side became a siiuare. Usually, two pieces, each 7 ft. long and 2 ft. wide, were sewn together to make the block material, and the over-edged joining is seen running across the back. The vol.. I.— 40 CLOAK (Simldh, 'ifUCIM). SIML.ill A3 WORS. c.-lll their black tents huiiscs of hair, and the term usually distinguislies cloth of camel or goat hair from that made of sheep s wool. Cloaks of camel hair are common at the i)resent day, tlio.se made in the neighbourhood of ancient Cilicia having a rough surface like that of Scotch shooting tweed, but much lirmer and heavier in the m:ike. They are often of a coppery- brown colour, and the com- parison in On '2.5- would be easily suggested. They are also made of wool and of goats' h,-iir. Orna- mentation of coloured silk or red wool is frequently sewn upon the neck, front, and back. The general surface is often further relicveil by its being woven in broad strijies of darker ami lighter, or black and white colour.s. In the ordinary niinlAh of the Syrian she|iherd and farmer this is the most cliar.a<'teristie feature. Elijah's m.antle and John the Baptist's raiment were of the S(|uare cloak pattern. The IJab. g.arment in .Icriiho was an ornamental one, jiossilily of crimson colour, like those described xu Ezli 23'''. The large outer SUEEPSKIN COAT. garments of shepherds on the hills and inward iilains is often made of sheep skins with the llccce left on ; but as frciiucntly this is a vest, and the ordinary cloak is worn over it. See Cl.oKK. 4. liircrlii-.i (if liiiiii (13 'ppO mikhui.'ji'. brtcl. Ex 2S''-; I-'7JiU.wW«)^';i,])n 3-'; KV /«/.sv» ; Ccs. y'/i..v. ' vel feminalia vid i>allia'). The first word indi- cates that which is iirawn together, (hat is, by the waist-cold passing insiiio the hem of the gathers. The second means most likely the Persian ilivicb'd skirt or loose trousers, Arab, xinriil, as tho ]>rinci|>al article of the common dress when such trousers are worn. In modern Arab, it is called 626 DRESS DRESS liMs=' clotliinp,' for the same reason. It was evi- dently a nioililication of the long shirt or tunic- coat, dividing it into two parts at the belt, the «p])er]iartbi'inj;asliort Zouave jacket, often liighly ornamented, and the lower part being the sarbiilii), 'hosen.' A long piece of cloth was made into a wide poses of activity, although the IJedawin occasion- ally apply it to this purpose. The simlCih, cloak. TRANSITION FROM KftTnGNEXn TO SARBSLIN.' open bag by sewing up the bottom, except a hole at each corner for the feet to ]iass through. The upper edge was hemmed, and drawn together by a cord or sash witliin the hem. A mass of plaited cloth thus hung down between the knees, and even trailed between the feet, as a sign of leisure and luxury. During active exercise, such as hoeing, •« alking, running, these folds were tucked up under the belt in front or behind or at the sides. This was to have the loins girt. 5. Girdle. 1. n;n 1 .S IS'. 2. bjin 'afinp^, only of high priest or a high official, E.\2S, Is 22-', prob. a sash wound round the waist several times and falling to the feet; cf. Stade, TliL (1S94), p. 2.36 ; .los. Ant. III. vii. 2. 3. mix 'waistband,' see W. K. Smith as quoted in 0.cf. Ihh. Lex. s.v., also Expos. Times, iii. (1893), 243, 2.36. The girdle was worn over (1) and (2), and was sometimes a cord, often a leather belt as now worn bj^ Eastern monks. For the jmrse arrangement in it, see Bag. Tlie girdle braced the hip-joints for prolonged exertion, and under it the hanging skirts were drawn up. It served to hold tlie ink-horn of the scribe, with its box of atraiitrntuni or black fluid, soaked up into sponge or ]iitli, and its ca.se for holding reed pens. The sash was ihc (irrler nf tli'- (farter in Oriental costume, the ends being richly "ornamented with needlework in silk and gold (see 1. LOISa GIRT. 2. GIRDLE WITH INKHORS. was then ratlier folded over the arm, or thrown over the shoulder, or laid aside, as at the stoning of Stephen. But ■when a large bundle had to be carried a considerable distance, the cloak was drawn up somewhat, and the belt fastened ti"htly around it over the waist, thus forming a large pouch or sack behind. This was prob. the way in which the Israelites carried their kneading-troughs (E.X 12">^). 6. Head-dress ; AV Bonnet, RV Head-tire (n^jP inigM'ith (see Bonnet); ixs peer, Is 3-°; I'Jjf zdniph. Is 3-^). The head-dress of the Israelites in early pastoral times would be the same as that which is worn by their successors the Bedawin. It is a piece of cotton or linen, white, blue, or black, or of brightly coloured silk, about a yard square, folded diagonally, and laid on the liead so as to screen the eyes, protect the cheek-bones and the back of the neck. It is held in its place by a cord (Vn3 Gn 38") of soft elastic wool, visually dark brown or black, or of twisted cotton whipped ^\ ith threads of silk and gold, coiled in several rings tightly round the head, making a covering at once picturesque, comfortable, and protective. The rich colours of the Bab. head-dress are described as ' dyed attire,' c-'-iag (Ezk 23'^). The article is now called /ciifi)/eh {from the town of Kufah). After- wards a skull-cap canio to be worn, with a napkin usually white, or white with gold thread, folded into a long band and wound round it. In 1 K 30^- •" tlie lindllirind is drawn over the face to conceal tlie features, after the manner of Bedawin robbers. The i-p'B9 of Dn 3^ (KV tunics, KVm turbans. UAX.E JIEAD-DRBS3 (1. PASTORAL. 2. PERSIAN. 3. SYRIAN PEASANT). Embroidery). The military girdle (2 S 20«) was a baldrick, often set with gems. The girdle was not used to bind up the loose outer garment for pur- see Bevan, ad loc.) may have been the Persian fez, named from the mould in which the felt was pressed. In the case of the royal crown the cord DRESS DKESS 627 of the original head-dress was represented by the gold circlet, and the ecarf by the cap of cloth and the coronatioQ veil. For military head-dreas see Helmet. 7. Border, Hem, Skirt (n:? Mndph, 1 S 24 ; Sis' thai. Ex 39 ; KpiaireSov, Rlt 9"). The outer par- ment had four corda vith tassela (n'v'V ?izith, Nu IS", c'V"i3 Dt 22^'', see Driver's note) at the comers. To make the border and frinj^es large and conspicuous wa-s part of the Pliarisaic form (Mt 23°). The corner fringes are seen on the large (allith of synago;;!!'- w cm -Mi', uuJ on the small one of white cotton worn like an unseen ephod next to the shirt. In the large lallith, about 2 yds. sq., of white cotton or wool with black border or stripes, a sq. inch of coloured silk is sown on each corner inside, and through a hole made precisely in the middle of the patch, so as to make the opening a mathematical comer, there is passed a cord com- posed of eight threads and live knots. This, with the numerical value of n'V'V, 600, makes up 613, the rabbinical number of commandments in the Law. During worship the tassel is taken in the hand and raisnd to the lips. The histo y and sig- niticance of the Fringes will be found fully dis- cu.Hsed under the art. FuiNOKS, vol. li. p. Gbi''; see also thf litfriiture cited there. 8. Nrtpkin {(rovSdpior, Lk 19, Jn 20', Ac 19"). In a climate like that of Palestine the need of a napkin was occasioned not by cold so much as by dust and heat, as its name implies. At the present day it is used to wipe the face and the back of the hands, and is often partly folded in around the neck to protect the collar of the coat from per- spiration and to give coolness. The same name is given by the Arabs to the small cotton cap which they wear under the woollen fez, and call an arkiyeh (sweat-cloth). 9. Sandals (C'^5;j, O'VV), n'i''VJ, aavSi^ia, Mk 6», Ac 12"). The primitive shoe or sandal was a flat sole of leather, wood, or matted grass with loops attached, through which the shoe-latchet, a leather thong, pa.s9ed and strajiped in the foot. The Arab, nit'al means the sole of the shoe, as being the principal part, thus pointing to the sandal origin. Even with the shoes or slippers of red, black, and yellow leather in common usage, the ancient habits survive, as the natives like to bond down the leather behind the heel, and nuike it more like a sandal. The wooden sandal in very common ase has a strap nailed on to hold the foot across the toes, showing the beginning of the upper. Those worn by brides at the marriage feast are made 7 or 8 inches high to give the dignity of the cothurnus. Sandals are removed when entering a house or church, or any place where prayer is ollered. The shoe being associated with outside deiilement, and being the lowest article of dress, is used as an epithet of contempt and vituperation, and as an implement of beating. Socks are seldom worn, and in walking the shoe is often removed, or the foot vnth the shoe on is held up to shake out the dust. 10. Female Dress. This ao far resembled male attire as to make interchange possible and pro- hibited, Dt 22°. There was the sAdin or shirt- dress, Is3^; oveTitakith/ineth or tunic-robe, Ca 5', bound with a girdle. Is 3". Over this, ladies of nobility wore an ungirded mi-' i^ or robe after the jiattern of Joseph's 'coat,' 2 S 13". Social life made it possible also for women to have festival robes (AV 'changeable suits of apparel,' Is 3^). There is mention of turbans, ornamental bands of silk, or embroidered linen. Is 3^, probably rather deeper than those commonly worn by men. Another ornamental head-ilress Ls described by the tciMi used for the priestly head-dress, in?. These must have been very elaborate, judging from those BLKVATKI) IlOiUr, of the Egyptian monuments, and the tardiness with which tlie metal head-bowl and horn (Arab, tantur) were given up by the women of Syria in modern times. The horn was worn erect, day and night, the veil of a Avidow being black, others while. The chief articles of si)ecially fem. attire were the veils and mantles. There were miij/lrrs (rfSif;), Is 3'", thin face-veils like gauze-muslin and nun's- veiling, the former brightly coloured with Moral designs, used for the face and breast (Arab. barka'a, mandil). It is impossible to say precisely what sort of mantle-robe the n;yi"; mantle, Is 3*, may have been. The rfny-.f-? shawls (AV wimples), Is 3", were large veils of white lace, or tough muslin (white or indigo at present), worn over the head an<l falling down the back. Those worn by Hedawi and jjcasant women are often used for carrying gra.ss, vegetables, or various ])arcels, Ku 3". The veils (ctti Is 3^) were the largest envelop- inir veils, now called by the Arabs izars, mach; of 628 DRESS DRESS •white cotton, black twilled silk, or rich silk stvifls | for women, and the love of respectful attention of the brightest colours and of highly ornamental | and dignity makes the third equally so for men. FACE VEIL3 (1. SYRIAN MOSLEM. 2. EOYPriAS. 3. LEBANON DRUZE). patterns. This veil is one of the most familiar objects in the streets of Eastern towns. About HEAD AXD BACK VEIL (Mltpahath). the caul (RVm 'networks,' D'c'??" Is 3'^) there is no certainty ; possibly it was a light netted veil covering LARGE VKTL (R'idi^f). the hair and falling over the shoulders, set with tiny discs of silver and gold and other pendants, souiethinglike wliatis still worn. So with reganl to st(>iiiac/icr{':''yns), IsS-''; as the antithesis suggests some sort of girdle, highly or even fantastically ornamental in contrast with sackcloth, it niny have been the loose apron-sasli with dangling rib- bons and att.achments worn by dancing girls. III. OniE\T.\L Custom a\d tiioiimit co\- CERXlXf! DitKs.s.— Food and clothing are the two great requisites of the natural life, 1 Ti «. t'lotli- ing is the second necessity. Of its three services, jiiofeftiov, dercnc)!, and ornniticnt, the warmth of the climate of I'alestine causes the first to he less important than it is in colder countries, while the domestic customs make the second very important Clothing distinguishes man from the beast. ' To l>e unclothed ' is not merelj' to sutler cold, but ' to be found naked '('2 Co 5^). The phrase 'naked, and ye clothed me' (Mt 25^), over and above personal comfort to the individual, means restoration to human society and human dignity. 'Clothul and in his right mind ' (Mk 5'^) were two equal indica- tions that Legion >\as no longer an outcast. So to have line ajjparel was apt to carry the assump- tion of all inward graces (.Ja 2^). Eastern clothing is througliout an adaptation not only to climate but to character. Clothes are thing ott' and on with the same rapidity as that with which heat changes to cold and sunshine to starlight; .so it is with the quickly-varying moods of the people. Oriental clothes appear to the Euro|)ean to be cuniber.some and prohibitive of exercise. This to the ordinary Oriental mind carries a subtle recommendation, implying that the wearer does not need to work. A common Arab proverb .says, ' There is a blessing in being busy,' but it is usually the spectator that quotes it. The loose and ornamental style of Oriental dress emphasizes the thought that the chief good of life is not in active achievement, but in rest and the privilege of rest. Among the trades a work loses in jiulilic respect in projiortion as the worker has to take off clothing when engaged in it. All clothing above the undermost easily takes on meanings of office, investiture, and ]irecedence. Ih'ightncss and colour are synonymous with iKqipiness and prosperity, and grief of soul is expressed by the darkest object seen in nature, the intense black of goat hair (Kev 0'-). Orientals always travel in their best clothes ; it was scarcely necessary fm- the (Jibeoiiites to assure Joshua that their raiment had been new when they started, except as indicating the length of their journey. In public worship Orientals are impressed and apparently satislied by changed vestments and spectacular ritual to a degree that always pu/zles the more ethical and introspective mind of the West. In the Bible there are numberless instances of theemployment of facts concerning dress for the ex, jiression of spiritual truth. The nielaphorical aiqilication is carried out in much detail, showing that the subject was at once familiar and of extreme interest. We have such phrases as 'clothed with humility '(1 V S'), 'the garment of salvation, the robe of righteousness' (Is 01'"), into wliich is meant to be liorne all that Oriental dress means with regard to com|iletcness of cover- ing and digaiitied grace. The girdle, head-dress, and sand.ils are es]ic<iallv rich in similitudes of strength, honour, and delilement. Thus with rcf. to the qirrf/i;, there is the signilicance of its cleaving to the loins (.Jer 13") ; of its being loosened ( Is5-"') ; its strengthening value (Is 2i>-'', 1 P 1'^ Eph 6"); DRIXK DRUNKENNESS 629 there is the pathos of being compulsorily girded (Jn 21"); and the mystery of invisible support (la 45"). LrmLATUKi. — Kell, Benziiiff«r, and Nowftck, Heb. Arch. ; Bchiirer, HJP (see ' Clothing'^ in Index) ; Oonder, Handbook to the Bible ; Edf rahelm, Jetue tKe llesriah (1887), i. 621-626 ; Thomson, Land and Book, 8 vols. 1881-1886 (see 'Garments' under ' Manner and Oustoms ' in Index to each vol.) ; Tristram, Eattem Outtatnt in Bible Lande (1894), pp. 155-176 : Maspero, Davn qf Civilization (1886), p. 718t; Lagarde, Guamineile AbhandHungeniWeoy, p. 209 £f. G. M. MaCKIE.