Feign (Hastings' Dictionary)

KINSMAN XEW YOIJK CHARLES SCllIBNER'S SONS Edinburgh: T. & T. (LAKK CorvRicHT, iSqg. nv CHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS Tl'i Hiijhts of Translation atid of l\t:[>roJii(lion are reserved H ^- r:, li -''? 55 PREFACE ■ GrvE heed to . . teaching.' Perhaps the Church of Christ has never given sufficient heed to teaching since the earhest and happiest days.

In our own day the importance of teaching, or, as we sometimes call it, expository preaching, has been pressed home through causes that are various yet never accidental ; and it is probable that in the near future more heed will be given by the Church to teaching than has ever been given before. As a contribution towards the furnishing of the Church for that great work, this Dictionary of the Bible is published.

It is a Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, together with the Old Testament Apocrypha, according to the Authorized and Revised English Versions, and with constant reference to the original tongues. Every effort has been used to make the information it contains reasonably full, reliable, and accessible. As to fulness. In a Dictionary of the Bible one expects that the words occurring in the Bible, whicli do not explain themselves, wiU receive some explanation.

The present Dictionary more nearly meets that expectation than any Dictionary that has hitherto been published. Articles have been written on the names of all Persons and Places, on the Antiquities and Archaeology of the Bible, on its Ethnology, Geology, and Natural History, on Biblical Theology and Ethic, and even on the obsolete or archaic words occurring in the English Versions.

The greater number of tlie articles are of small compass, for care has been exercised to exclude vague generalities as well as unaccepted idiosyncrasies ; but there are many articles which deal with important and difficult subjects, and extend to considerable length. Such, for example, is the article in the first volume on the Chronology of the New Testament, and the article in the present volume on Jesus Christ. As to reliability.

The names of the authors are appended to their articles, except where the article is very brief or of minor uuporlance ; and these names are the best guarantee that the work may bo relied on. So far as could be ascertained, those autliors were chosen for each particular subject who liad made a special study of that subject, and might be able to speak with authority upon it.

Then, in addition to the work of tlie Editor and his Assistant, every siieet has passed through the hands of the three distinguished scholars whose names are found on the title-page. Those scholars are not responsible for errors of any kind, if such should be dis- viii PREFACE covered in the Dictionary, but the time and care they have spent upon it may ba taken as a good assurance that the work as a whole is reliable and authoritative. As to accessibility.

While all the articles have been written expressly for this work, so they have been arranged under the lieadings one would most naturally turn to. In a very few cases it has been found necessary to group allied subjects together. But even then, the careful system of black-lettering and cross-reference adopted should enable the reader to find the subject wanted without delay.

And so important has it seemed to the Editor that each subject should be found under its own natural title, that he has allowed a little repetition here and there (though not in identical terms) rather than distress the reader by sending him from one article to another in search of the information he desires.

The Proper Names will be found under the spelling adopted in the Revised Version, and in a few very familiar instances the spelling of the Authorized Version is also given, with a cross-reference to the other. On the Proper Names generally, and particularly on the very difficult and unsettled questions of their derivation, reference may be made to the article Names (PiiOPER), which will be found in the third volume.

The Hebrew, and (where it seemed to be of consequence for the identification of the name) the Greek of the Septuagint, have been given for all proper and many common names. It was found impracticable to record all the variety of spelling discovered in different manuscripts of the Septuagint ; and it was considered unnecessary, in view of the great Edition now in preparation in Cambridge, and the Concordance of Proper Names about to be published at the Clarendon Press.

The Abbreviations, considering the size and scope of the work, will be seen to be few and easily mastered. A list of them, together with a simple and uniform scheme of transliterating Hebrew and Arabic words, will be found on the following pages. The Editor has pleasure in recording his thanks to many friends and willing fellow-workers, including the authors of the various articles. In especial, after those whose names are given on the title-page, he desires to thank the Eev. W. Sanday, D.D.

, LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford, who has again read many of the articles and given valuable assistance in other ways ; next, the Eev. G. M. Mackie, M.A., of Beyrout, whose knowledge of modern Syrian life is both intimate and sympathetic ; also Professor Mahaffy of Dublin, who kindly read some articles in proof ; Professor Eyle of Cambridge ; Principal Salmond of Aberdeen; Principal Stewart of St. Andrews; and Principal Fairbaikn and Mr. J.

Vernon Bartlet, M.A., of Mansfield College, Oxford. The Editor regrets to have to record the death, since the issue of the first volume, of Dr. D. Shearer and the Eev. H. A. White, M.A., New College, Oxford. •,• Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, have the sole right of publication of thla Dictionary of the Bible in the United States and Canada. SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION ai;aiiic. IlEIiltinV. \ « b ,_! 1' 1 t ^:^> « :i th jj- ^i -r j ~ 1' rr u, u, w 1 kh t. i' t (1 J i.i n (Ih J t n J i.

y •• ) k D S ^^M 'r .h J. III 12 : '1 s D t L- :ir ? ^ I> D t ? :<j "h, J. k p f ^ r -1 '> k ^ n 1 J r n c.' h H u, w < i, y y^ LIST OF ABBEEVIATIONS L General Alex. = Alexandrian. Apoc = Apocalypse. Apocr. = Apocrypha. Aq. =Aquiia. AAb. = Arabic. Aram. = Aramaic Assyr. = Assyrian. Bab. = Babyloniail. c. = circa, about. Can. = Canaanite. of. = compare. ct.= contrast. D = Deuteronomist. E = Eloliist. edd. = editions or editors. KKyP—E^'JI't-ian. Eng. = Enj.'lisli. Eth. = Etliiopie. f.

=and following verse or page ; as Ac lO'' if. =and following verses or pages ; as Mt ll*" Gr. = Greek. H = Law of Holiness. Heb. = Hebrew. Hel. = Hellenistic. Hex. = Hexateuch. Isr. = Isr.aelite. J = Jahwist. J" = Jehovah. Jerus. = Jerusalem. Jos. =Josephus. LXX = SeptuaginU MSS = Manuscripts. MT = Massoretic Text n. =note. NT = New Testament. Onk. = Onkelos. 0T = Old Testament. P= Priestly Narrative. Pal. = Palestine, Palestinian, Pent. = Pentateuch. Pers. = Persian. Phil. = Philistine.

Phoen. = Phoenician. Pr. Bk. = Prayer Book. R = Redactor. Rom. = Roman. Sam. = Samaritan. Sem. = Semitic. Sept. = Septuagint Sin.=Sinaitic. Symm. =Syniraachna. Syr. = Syriac. Talm.= Talmud. Targ. =Targum. Theod. =Theodotion. TR = Textus Receptus. tr. = translate or translation VSS = Versions. Vulg.= Vulgate. WH= Westcott and Hort's text. II. Books of the Bible Old Testament. Gn = Genesis. Ex = Exoilus. Lv = Leviticus. Nu = Numbers. Dt = Deut eronomy. Jos = Joshua. Jg = Judges. Ru = Rutli.

I S, 2 S = 1 and 2 Samuel. 1 K, 2 K = 1 and 2 Kings. 1 Ch, 2 Ch = 1 and 2 Chronicles. Ezr = Ezra. Nell = Neheraiah. Esl= Esther. Job. Ps = Psalms. Pr = Proverbs. Ec — Ecclesiastes. Ca= Canticles. Is = Isaiah. Jer = Jeremiah. La = Lamentations. Ezk = Ezekiel. Dn = Daniel. Hos = Hosea. Jl = Joel. Am = Amos. Ob = Obadiali. Jon = Jonah. Mic = Micah. Nah = Nahum. Hab = Habakkuk. Zeph = Zephaniah. Hag = Haggai. Zee = Zechariah. Mal = MalachL 1 Es, 2 Eg = I Esdraa. Apocrypha. and 2 To = Tobit.

Jth = Judith. Ad. Est = Additions to Esther. Wis = Wisdom. Sir = Sirach or Ecclesi- asticus. Bar = Baruch. Three = Song of the Three Children. the Sns = Susanna. Bel = Bel and Dragon. Pr. Man = Prayer of Manasses. 1 Mac, 2 Mao = l and 2 Maccabees. New Testament, Mt = Matthew. Mk = Mark. Lk = Luke. Jn = John. Ac = Acts. Ro = Romans. 1 Co, 2 Co = 1 and 2 Corinthians. Gal = Galatians. Eph = Ephesians. Ph = Philippians. Col=Colossian8. 1 Th, 2 Th = 1 and 2 Thessalonians.

1 Ti, 2 Ti = 1 and 2 Timothy. Tit = Titus. PhUem = Philemon. He = Hebrews. Ja==James. 1 P, 2P=1 and2 Peter. 1 Jn, 2 Jn, 3 Jn = l, 2, and 3 John. Jude. Rer = Revelation. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IIL English Versions Wyc.=Wyclif'B Bible (NT «. 1380, OT c. 1382, Purvey's Revision c. 1388). Tind. = Tindale's NT 1520 and 1534, Pent. 1530. Gov. = Coverdale's Bible 1535. Matt, or Koj;. =Mattlie\v'8 (i.e. prob. Rogers') Bible 1537. Gran, or Great=Cranmer's ' Great' Bible 1539. Tav.

= Taverner's Bible 15,39. Gen.=Geneva NT 1557, Bible 1560. Bisli. = Bishops' Bible 1568. Tom. = Tomson's NT 1576. Kliem. = Klieinish NT 1582. Don. = Douay OT 1609. AV = Authorized Version 1611. AVin = Authorized Version margin. RV = Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1886. KVm = Revised Version margin. EV = Autli. and Rev. Versions. IV. For the Literaturb .<4.ffT= Ancient Hebrew Tradition. i4r=Alte8 Testament. Si = Hampton Lecture. BM= British Museum. BiJi'=Biblical Researches in Palestine.

C/G = Corpus Inscriptionum Gra'carum. C/i = Corpu3 Inscriptionum Latin.aruni. C/>S=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. 0*07"= Cuneiform Inscriptions and the OT. /)5= Dictionary of the Bible. EHII=Ea.r\y History of the Hebrews. GylP=Geo^raphie des alten Paliistina. GGA =G6ttin^'ische Gelehrte AnzBit;fn. 6rGi\r=Nachrichten der kbnigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gbttingen. (?K/=Geschiclite des Volkes Israel. //^Cil/= Higher Criticism and the Monumenta. /^^ = Historia Ecclesiastica.

/rG/7/, = Historical Geog. of Holy Land. ^/= History of Israel. HJP=}i\stoTy of the Jewish Peojile. HPM= History, Prophecy, and the Monuments. /t/'G = Israelitische und Jiidische Geschiclite. </Si=Journal of Biblical Literature. y/)7'A = Jahrbiicher fiir deutsche Theologie. JQR=3ev:i»\\ Quarterly Review. /.R^iS=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. /iJ£ = Jewish Religious Life after the Exile. KAT^Dis Keilinsehriften und das Alte Test. /r/B = Keilinscliriftliclie Bibliothek.

LCB/ = Literarisches Centralblatt. LOT=\nlToA. to the Literature of the Old Test. NIIWB= Neuhebriiisches Worterbuch. NTZG = Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichto. OA' = Otium Norviceuse. OrJ6'=The Old Test, in the Jewish Church. PB= Polychrome Bible. PEF= Palestine E.\ploration Fund. PEFSt = Quarterly Statement of the same. PSBA = Proceedings of Soc. of Bibl. Archseology. i'iJ.E = Real-Encyclopadie fiir protest. Theologie und Kirche. 9P/J = Queen's Printers' Bible. JiEJ= Revue des Etudes Juives. i?

/'= Records of the Past. i?ii' = Religion of the Semites. 6'/?0r= Sacred Books of Old Test. kJA'=Studien und Kritiken. 5/" = Sinai and Palestine. ,S (('■/' = Memoirs of the Survey of W. Palestine. ThL or ThLZ='Vheol. Literaturzeitung. rAr= Theol. Tijdschrift. TSBA = Transactions of Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology. 7'f/ = Te.\te und Untersuchungen. H''j4 /= Western Asiati<' Inscriptions. WZKM=\\\itniir Zeiischrift fiir Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZA =Zeit3chrift fiir Assyriologie.

ZAW or Z^ri(-'=Zeitschrift fur die Alttest. Wis.senscliaft. ZDMG = Zeilschrift der Deutschen Morgen- landisclien Gesellschaft. ZZ)PF=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paliistinsk- Vereins. Z/irS/^=Zeitschrift fiir Keilschriftforschung. ZA'(r=Zeitschrift fiir kirchliche Wissenschaft. A small superior number designates the particular edition of the work referred to, as KAV, LOI*. MAPS IN VOLUME II The Kingdoms of Judau and Israel Jerusalem .... facing pags 1 .. 600 AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN VOL. II Rev.

Waltkr F. Adeney, M.A., Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the New College, London. Ven. A. S. Aglen, M.A., D.D., Archdeacon of St. Andrews. Rev. WiLLouGiTnv C. Allen, M.A., Chanlain, Fellow, and Lecturer in Theology and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford. Rev. Ben.iamin Wisner Bacon, M.A., D.D., Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in Vale University, New Haven. Rev. John S. Hanks, Professor of Systematic Theology in the Headingley College, Leeds. Rev. W. Emeuv Barnes, M.A.

, D.D., Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. Jamks Veunon Bartlet, M.A., Lecturer in Church lli.story, Mansfield College, Oxford. Rev. Llewellyn .1. ^L Bebb, M.A., Princi^ial of St. Davids College, Lampeter ; formerly I'ellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Rev. Willis Judson Beecher, D.D., Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature in Auburn Theological Seminary, New York. Rev. William IIexrv Bennett, >LA.

, Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in Hackney and New C(jlleges, London ; sometime Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Kev. John Henuy Bernard, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Arilibisbop King's Lecturer in Divinity in the University of Dublin. Ptev. J. F. Bethune-Baker, M.A., Fellow and Dean of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Frederick J. Bliss, B.A., Ph.D., of the Palestine Exploration Fund in Jerusalem. Rev. Alexander Balmain Bruce, }>\.A., D.D.

, Professor of Ajinlogetics and New Tesl:iment Exegesis in the Free Church College, ti lasgow. Kuv. Charles Fox Burney, M.A., Lecturer in Hebrew, ami Fellow of St. John Baptist's Col- lege, Oxford. Rev. WiNPnii) O. BuRr.ows, M.A., Principal of Leeds Clergy School. Rov. George G. Cameron, M.A., D.D., Professor of Hebrew in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. The late Rev. James S. Candllsh, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Free Church College, Glasgow. Rev. William Carslaw, M.A.

, M.D., of the Lebanon Schools, Beyrout, Syria. Rev. Arthur Thomas Chapman, M.A., Fellow, Tutor, and Hebrew Lecturer, Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Hov. KoBEitT Henry (iiAiii.ios. D.D., Prof(tssf;t (if Biiilic'il Greek in the University of Dulilin. Rev. Frederic Henry Chase, M.A., D.D., Fellow and Lecturer in Theology, Christ's College, and Principal of the Clergy School, Cambridge. Lieut. -Col. Claude Regnier Conder, R.E., LL.D., M.K.A.S. Fred. C. Conybeare, M.A.

, late Fellow of Uni- versity College, Oxford. Rev. G. A. Cooke, M.A., Rector of Beacons- field, Bucks, and late Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Rev. Henry Cowan, M.A., D.D., Professor of Church History in the University of Aberdeen. W. E. Chum, M.A., of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Rev. Edward Lewis Curtis, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Hebrew LanLfuage and Literature in the Divinity School, Newllaven. Rev. Andkew Bruce Davidson, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew in the New College, Edinburgh.

Rov. T. WiTTON Davies, B.A., Ph.D., M.R.A.S., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament ].,itcralure in the li.ijitist (College, Bangor, and Lecturer in Semitic Languages in University College, Bangor. Rev. W. T. Davison, JLA., D.D., Professor of Olil Testament Exegesis in the Haudsworth Theological College, Birmingham. Rev. James Denney, ILA., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Free Church College, Glasgow. Rev. Marcus Dods, JLA., D.D., Professor of F.

xegetical Theology in the New College, Edinburgh. Rev. SA.MUEL KOLLES DRIVER, D.D., Litt.D., Canon of Christ Church, and Regius Professoi at Hebrew in the University of Oxford. xU: XIV AUTHORS OF AETICLES IN VOL. 11 Uev. David Eaton, M.A., Glusjjow. Rev William K. Eddy, of the American Mission, Sidoii, Syiia. Hev. William Ewixo, M.A., Glasgow, for- merly of Tiberias, Palestine. Kev. Geokce Ferries, M.A., D.D., Cluny, Aber- deenshire. Rev. Alfred Ernest Garvie, M.A., B.D.

, Mon- trose; Examiner in Uiblital Languages in the Congregational Hall, Edinburgh. G. Buchanan Gray, M.A., Lecturer in Manslield College, Oxford. Rev. Alexander Grieve, M.A., Ph.D., Forfar. Francis Llewellyn Griffith, M.A., F.S.A., of the British Museum ; Superintendent of the Arclia?ological Survey of Egypt. Rev. G. Harford- IJattersby, M.A., Balliol College, 0.\furd ; Vicar of Mossley Hill, Liveripool. J. Kendel Harris, M.A., Litt.D.

, Fellow and Librarian of Clare College, and Lecturer in Palii-ography in the University of Cam- bridge. Rev. Arthur Cavley Headlam, M.A., B.D., Rector of Welwyn, Herts; formerly Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Fritz Hom.mel, Ph.D., LL.D., Ord. Professor of Semitic Languages in the University of Munich. Edward Hull, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., late Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, and Pro:essor of Geology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Frank Hvron Jevons, ^LA.

, Litt.D., Principal of Bi.shop Hatheld's Hall, Durham. Rev. ARCHinALD R. S. Kennedy, ALA., D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages in the Universitj' of Edinburgh. Rev. James Houghton Kennedy, M.A., D.D., Assis'ant Lecturer in the Divinity School of Dublin University. Eduard Konig, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in the University of Rostock. Rev. John Laidlaw, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the New College, Edinburgh. Rev. Walter Lock, M.A., D.D.

, Warden of Keble College, and Dean Ireland's Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the University of Oxford. Alexander Macalister, LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Fellow of St. John's College, and Professor of Anatomy in the Universitj' of Cambridge. Rev J. A. M'Clymont, M.A., D.D., Aberdeen. Rfcr. George M. Mackie, il.A., Chaplain to the Clnirch of Scotland at lieyrout, Syria. Rev. John MACrHERSON, M.A., Findhom, Morayshire. D. S. Margoliouth, M.A.

, Fellow of New Col- lege, and Laudian Professor of Arabic in the L'niversity of Oxford. Rev. John Turner JIarshall, M.A., Principal of the Baptist College, Manchester. Rev. Ale.xaxder .Martin, M.A., D.D., Professor of Apologetic Theology in the New College, Edinburgli. John Massie, M.A., Yates Professor of New Testament Exegesis in Man»tield College, Oxford ; formerly Scholar of St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M.A., Litt.D.

, Emeritus Professor of King's College, London, and Hon. Fellow of St. John's I College, Cam- bridge. Rev. Selah Merrill, D.D., LL.D., U.S. Consul at Jerusalem. Rev. James Millar, M.A., B.D., New Cumnock. Rev. c;eoroe Milligan, M.A., B.D., Caputh, Pertlishire. Rev. R. Waddy Moss, Professor of Classics in the Didsbury College, Manchester. Rev. William Muir, M.A., B.D., B.L., Blair- gowrie. W. Max Muller, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Arch;eology in the University of Pennsylvania. Rev. J. O. F.

Murray, M.A., Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Eberhard Nestle, Ph.D., D.D., Professor at Maulbronn. Rev. Thomas Nicol, M.A., D.D., Edinburgh. Rev. James Orr, M.A., D.D., Professor of Church History in the United Presbyterian Hall, Edinburgh. Rev. Robert Lawrence Ottley, M.A., succes- sively Student of Christ Church and Fellow of Magdalen College ; sometime Principal of the Pusey House, Oxford. Rev. William P. Paterson, M.A., D.D.

, Pro- fessor of Systematic Theology in the Uni versity of Aberdeen. Rev. James Patrick, M. A., B.D., B.Sc, Examinei for Degrees in Divinity in the University of St. Andrews. Arthur S. Peake, M.A., Professor in the Primi- tive Methodist College, Manchester, and Lecturer in Lancashire Independent College ; sometime Fellow of Merton and Lecturer in Mansfield College, Oxford. W. Flinders Petrie, M.A., D.C.L., Professor of Egyptology in University College, London. I. A.

Pinches, Sippar House, London. Tueophilus Goldridge Pinches, M.R.A.S., of the Egyptian and Assyrian Department in the British Museum. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M.A., D.D., Master of University College, Durham. Rev. Frank C. Porter, M.A., D.D., Professor of Biblical Theology in Yale University, New Haven. Rev. George Po.st, M.D., F.L.S., Professor in the American College, Beyrout. Ira M. Price, M.A., Ph D., B.D., Associate Professor of Semitic Languages and Litera- tures in the University of Chicago.

Rev. Cyril Henry Prichard, M.A., late Classical Scholar of Magdalen College, Cambridge. Rev. George T. Purves, D.D., LL.D., Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis in Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey. William M. Ramsay, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L,, Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, Honorary Fellow of Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford. AUTHORS OF AETICLES IN VOl. 11 XV The late Rev. Henry Robert Keynolds, D.D., Principal of Cheshunt College, Herts. Rev.

Archibald Robertson, M.A., D.D., Prin- cipal of King's College, London, late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. Rev. J. Armitaoe Robinson, M.A., Ph.D., D.D., Canon of Westminster. Rev. Herbert Edward Ryle, M.A., D.D., President of (jueens' College, and Hnlsean Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge. Rev. Stewart Dingwall Fordvck S almond, M.A., P.I)., K.E.I. S., Principal and Professor of Systematic Theology in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. Rev. William Sanday, D.D., LL.D.

, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, M.A., LL.D., Fellow of Queen's College, and Professor of Assyriologj- in the University of 0.\ford. Rev. John A. Selbie, M.A., Maryculter, Kin- cardineshire. Rev. David W. Simon, M.A., D.D., Principal of the United College, Bradford. Rev. John Skinner, M.A., D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in tlie Presbj'terian College, London. Rev. George Adam Smith, M.A., D.D., LL.D.

, Professor of Hebrew in the F'ree Church College, Glasgow. Rev. Vincent Henry Stanton, M A., D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cam- bridge. John F. Stennino, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Hebrew and Theology, Wadliam College, Oxford. Rev. George B. Stevens, Ph.D., D.D., Pro- fessor of Systematic Theology in Yale University. Rev. Alexander Stewart, M.A., D.D., Prin- cipal of St.

Mary's College, and Professor of Systematic Theology in the University of St. Andrews. Rev. James Stkachan, M.A., St. Ferguc Kev. Thomas B. Strong, B.D., Student and Censol of Christ Church, Oxford, and Examining Chap- lain to the Bishop of Durham. Rev. Henry Barclay Swete, .M.A., D.D., Litt.D., Regius Professor of Divinity, Cam- bridge. Rev. John Taylor, M.A., Litt.D., Vicar ot Winchcombe. Henry St. John Thackeray, M.A.

, Examinei in the Education Department, formerly Divinity Lecturer in Selwyn College, Cam- bridge. Rev. G. W. Thatcher, M.A., B.D., Hebrew Tutor and Lecturer on Old Testament History and Literature in Mansfield College, Oxford. Rev. Joseph Henry Thayer, M.A., D.D., Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in the Divinity School of Harvard University. Rev. Geerhardus Vos, D.D., Professor of Biblical Theology in Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey. Rev.

George Walker, M.A., B.D., Callander. Col. Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Itojal Engineers. Rev. Adam C. Welch, M.A., B.D., Helensburgh. The late Rev. Henry Alcock White, M. A., Tutor in tlie University of Durham, and formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford. Rev. Newport J. D.White, M.A., B.D., Librarian of Archbishop Marsh's Library, and Assistant Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew in the University of Dublin. Rev. Owen C. Whitehouse, M.A.

, Principal and Professor of Biblical Exegesis and Theology, Clieshunt College, Herts. Rev. A. LuKYN W1LLIAM.S, M.A., Vicar of Guildeu Morden, late TjTwhitt and Crosse Scholar of the University of Cambridge. Major-General Sir Charles William Wilson, R.E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Rev. Francis Henry Woods, M.A., B.D., Vicar of Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, and late Fellow and Tlieological Lecturer of St. John's Col- lege, Oxford. Rev. John Wortabet, M.A., M.D., Ue/ront, Syria. VOL.

II. Map 5. THE KINGDOMS OF /■'-".l, ^ LntflAsh M\lits Zar^hi ^ a R M-«.:A "Hua £Juilna^ Gn<F^Kp}iuA\ Lum JcQuLB^r^iuiUiznrv St Cs> DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE FEIGN (Lat. fingSre, to mould, invent ; Old Fr. feindre, Ptcp. feignant).- — 1.

To devise, invent : Neh 6' 'There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart ' (nt;, only here and 1 K 12'' EV ' devise ') j 2 H 2' ' And through covetouaness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you ' (irXaaroh \iyoii, only here in NT ; Salmond ' made up or c-raftly constructed speeches '). Cf. Lk 24" Tind. ' their wordes seemed vnto them fayned thinges ' ; and Knox, Bist. p.

177, ' Which reports are all (God knoweth) most vain, fained, and untrue.' 2. To put on an appearance, pretend : 1 K 14' 'she shall feign herself to be another ivoman' (rnjjnp) ; so 14'; IS 21" 'he changed his be- liaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands ' (S'?nn:) ; 2 S 14^ ' feign thyself to be a mourner' (Kj-'psNnri) ; Ps 17* 'give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips ' (npip 'Xitiv, lit. 'lips of guUe'). Cf. Knox, Hist.

101, ' yet was every head so fully answered, and especially one. . To wit. That Paul at the com- mandment of James, and of the Elders of Jeru- salem, passed to the Temple, and fained himself to pay his vow with others ' ; and Elyot, TAe Govemour, ii. 432, ' Unto euery man disclose nat thy harte, leest perauenture he wyl gyue to the a fained thanke, and after reporte rebukefully of the"; Barlowe, Dialogue, ed. 1897, p.

48, 'Then beganne he [Luther] stoutly to fortety his fayned fayth voyde of good workes' ; Tindale, ]Vorks, i. 94, ' tor where right faith is, there bringeth she forth good works ; if there follow not good works, it IS (no doubt) but a dream and an opinion or feigned faith ' ; also Tind.

Expositions, 163, ' And for them that would not receive such pardons feigned they purgatory, and for them tiiat re- ceived them feigned they pardon, turning binding and loosing, with preaching God's word, unto buy- ing and selling sin for money.' Feignedly = with pretence, deceitfully: Jer 3" ' Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but fcignedly' (ifl:;'? 'in falsehood,* as AVm) : 2 Es s^ 'Think not upon those that nave walked feignedly before thee' {false con- vcrsati sunt).

So Tindale, Works, i. 177, ' the cliildren of the devil, in time of adversity, fly from Christ, whom they followed feignedly.' J. Hastings. FELIX, Antonius, procurator of Juda-a (Ac 2.T-*'-24") at the time of St. Paul's last visit to Jerusalem and arrest there. The military tribune Claudius Lyslas sends Paul under escort to Cffsarea, wit)i a letter to Eelix reciting, in a light favour- VOL. II. — I able to his own conduct, the circumstances of the arrest.

Arrived at Csesarea, the apostle, after a purely formal interview, is remanded by Felix for trial, and detained in the government house (prai- torium), originally a palace of Herod the Great, untU the arrival of his accusers. On the fifth day the proceedings begin. The case against the prisoner IS opened by an advocate (see 'Tertullus). Evi- dence is given by the Jews, and, upon a sign from the procurator, Paul makes a speech in defence.

Felix, perhaps interested in the matter by his Jewish wife (Ac 24^), then adjourns the trial till the arrival of Lysias, and Paul is again remanded as a prisoner, but under lenient conditions. We hear nothing of an}' resumption of the trial. But after some days Felix, accompanied by Drnsilla (and, according to some authorities for the Western text, at ner special request), sends for Paul and gives him audience concerning the belief ' in Christ ' (or 'Jesus as Christ').

The apostle (taking, as usual, common ground with his hearer) addresses him upon broad moral truths, and the judgment (looked for by heathens as well as Jews) after death. Felix becomes alarmed, and sends him away till a future occasion. He sends for him (' secretly,' Gig.) ' somewhat often ' for further con- versation, excited mainly by the hope of a bribe (cf. Ramsay, St. Paul the Trav. p. 31011'.) Two years after St.

Paul's arrest Felix is recalled, and, to ingratiate himself with the Jews (or, according to some Western sources, for the sake of Drusilla), leaves Paul a prisoner. The dubious light in which the character of Felix appears in the NT narrative is bright com- pared with that shed upon it by the other histories of the time. Felix was the (apparently) younger brother of Pallas, the well-known and all-powerful favourite of Claudius. That An- tonius, not Claudius, was the nomen borne by Felix (Tac.

Hist. v. 9 ; the nomen Claudius for Felix is based on a probably corrupt reading in Suidas, t.v.) suggests that Pelix was a freedman of Antonia, mother of Claudius (so also probably Pallas; see Jos. Ant. XVllI. vi. 6 ; cf. Schurcr, HJP I. ii. 175). The brothers claimed descent, as Tacitus ironically mentions, from ancient kings of Arcadia {Ann. xii. 53). We first hear of Felix in connexion with the disorders in Samaria under his predecessor Ven- tidius Cumanus.

The latter refusing to punish the Samaritans for the murder of some Galihvan pilgrims, the Zealots ma.ssacred many Samaritans, and were in turn massacred by Cumanus. Both sides appealed to Ummidius Quadratus, legate oi 2 FELLOW FELLOW Syria, who intenened \rith great severity and Bunt C\imanu8 to Rome (Jos. BJ II. xii. 3 11'. ; Ant. XX. vi. 1-3).

According to Josephus, Felix was now, at tlie request of the higli priest Jonathan, who had been sent to Rome with Cumanus, sent as successor to the latter ; and Jos. proceeds to relate how, upon completing his twelfth year (Jan. 24, A.D. 53), Claudius gave certain territories to Agrippa. Coupled with the fact that Tacitus places the deposition of Cumanus in the year ."iS, this fairly li.\es Felix' appointment to the latter year.

A difficulty arises, however, from the fact that Tacitus, in his account (Ann. xii. 54) of what led to the deposition of Cumanus, speaks of Felix as • iam pridcm ludaeae impositus . . ut [Ciiraauo] Galilaeorum natio, Felici Saniaritae parerent.' It has been attempted to combine the latter state- ment with the 'many j'ears' of Ac 24'° by the hypothesis that before his appointment as pro- curator Felix had held some subordinate appomt- ment in Samaria.

But Josephus clearly intimates that Felix was first appointed to the province on this occasion ; and on the whole, in spite of the authority of Momrasen and the arguments of Blass {Act, Apost. p. 21), we join Schiirer in following Josephus here, as likely to be the better informed. F'elix received from his patron the (for a freed- man) unprecedented honour of military command as well as civil jurisdiction (' cohortibus et alls pro- uinciaeque' . . Suet. Claud. 28).

His character as governor was that of a man raised from a low origin to unfitting eminence — 'per omnem saeuitiam et libidinem ius re>;iuni seruUi ingenio exercuit' (Tac. Hist. V. 9). The general results of his rule are aptly summed up by the same writer, 'intem- I)estiuis remediis delicta aceendebat ' (Ann. xii. 54, and see Tektullus).

His ferocity against the ' Zealots ' and their supposed partisans gave birth, or new strength, to the Sicarii, — a more numerous and extreme class of fanatics, — who were in turn used by fanatical rebels (cf. Ac 21'") until half the nation was in the wildest disaffection. St. Paul probably came into contact with Felix as stated above from two to four years after the accession of Nero (54), by whom Felix must have been con- firmed in office.

The jroXXd Irri of Ac 24'° are hardly, therefore (as Harnack, Chron. 253, contends), com- patible with a date earlier than the last named. During the last two years of Felix' tenure of office, and therefore during Paul's imprisonment at Ciesarea, fall the serious riots between the Jewish and Syrian inhabitants of the latter town about l<roTro\iT€ia. F'elix, whose customary methods had failed to quell the disturbances, sent the heads of both parties to Rome for the emperor to decide the case.

But before any final decision Felix was recalled. The violence with which he had inter- fered in this matter partly explains his anxiety to do the Jews a parting favour (Ac 24-'' ; see Jos BJ U. xiii. 7 ; Ant. XX. viii. 7). The Jews, how- ever (Jos. Ant. XX. viii. 9), lodged an indictment against him, which failed only through tlie in- fluence of Pallas. Of Felix' later history nothing is known (see Schiirer, HJP l. ii. 174 ti'., and the authorities cited by him.

For the chronological questions involved, see F'ESTUS, and art. CimoNO- LOQY OF NT, p. 417 f.) A. RonERTSON. FELLOW ( from /(?= property, money, and lag to lay ; hence ' one who lays down money in a joint andertaking with others'). In AV two easily separated meanings are found. 1. Partner, companion. The Heb words are (a) V-i ria'. Ex 2", Jg 7'»-"-» 1 S 14» 2S 2""'", Is 34", Jon V, Zee 3» ; RV adds 1 K 2IJ» for AV 'neighbour,' as the word is generally tr'' elsewheie in AV and RV. Once the feni.

of this word (rtiii " For tbo reading see Moore, in loe. rS'dh) is tr'' ' fellow,' Jg 11", though in the next verse it is ' eom))anion ' as in Ps 45''', its only remaining occurrence. RV has ' comjianion ' in all three places, (h) nzn hdbhrr, Ps 4.')', Kc 4"', Is 44", Ezk 37'"; RV in Ezk 'companion,' as the word is elsewhere tr'' in AV and RV, except Jg 20" (D-ijn ION c^'N|), EV ' knit together as one man ') ; and Aram, forms ij-' Mh/tar, l)n 2'' ' (in v."

' companion ' as RV in all), and n-\in hahhrdh, Dn 7=". (c) n-?v 'dmith, Zee 13' Cn-,-;; 123, FV ' the man that is my fellow'). The word is in form abstract, hence lit. ' the man of my fcllowsliip ' ; but el.sewhere it occurs only in Lv and in the con- crete sense of ' neighbour.' The Or. words are (a) i) irX-qalov, only once and fem., Bar 6^' 'she reproacheth her fellow' (cf. Jg 1 1" above, where, however, the LXX is avitraiph). The commonest word for ' neighbour ' in NT is 6 T\r)<rlov.

(h) iraipo^, Mt 11". (c) ai^to^os, He 1", a quotation from Ps 45', where LXX lias fi. (d) ol vfpl, Three 2«. This meaning of ' fellow * may be illustrated by the foil, pam- gmph from T. Adams, // Peter (.Sherman's ed. p. 42) :— ' As fellows, in due measure, with God himself : "Tnily ovir fellow- ship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ," 1 Jn 18. We may have a society with man, this is requi-site, for we are all of one mould ; but to God, what, all fellows?

Ves, we have a fellowship with God ; such is his mercy, not our merits. The proud gallant scorns the poor mechanic : What, are you my fellow ? Yet, in(n-s scepira liijonibus txqitat. Death takes away difference between kmg and beggar, tumbles both the knight and the pawn into one bag. Well, let the world despise us, it is enough the Lord doth not disdain our fellowsliip.' Again (on p. 43) Adams says, 'Thus we partake of the Divine nature (with all reverence be it spoken) as fellows.

But, not to deny the King his supremacy, we are fellows with Christ in his joy, reserving the throne to himself.' Of. also Ac 423 Wye. (13.S8),' ' thei camen to her /elowis. and telden to hem, hou grete thingis the princis of preestis and the eldre men hadden seid to hem': He lif^s Wye. (1388), 'ye weren moad felowis of men lyuynge so.* Shaks. Tempest, ni. i. 84 — • To be your fellow You may deny me ; but I'll be your servant.' 2.

Person, first without and then with con- tempt ; for the word has a history. Melvill (Dianj, VCoA. p. 78), can say of John Dury, ' He was a verie guid fallow, and tuk delyt, as his speciall comfort, to haifl' his table and houss filled with the best men,' and thereby express reverence for him. But Adams (II Peter, p.

43) says, 'There is a generation of men that lavish their estates, — as we say, lling the house out at the windows, — that call themselves good fellows,' where the meaning is still ' companion,' but the glory is departing. The «ord was used to express easy familiarity, then by a superior in condescension to an inferior, and finally as the utterance of contempt.

In Gn 39' Tindale h,as, ' And the LoRUE was with loseph, and he was a luckie fellowe,' where 'fellow' is simply ' man ' ; nor is contempt expressed in Mk 4'" ' what felowe is this ? For booth winde and see obey liim ' ( = Lk 8^) ; and even in Mk '2' ' how doetli this felowe so blaspheme ?' (oiJtos), or Jn 6" ' How can this felowe geve us his flesshe to eate ? ' (oCto!) the sense is probably no more than ' this man,' or at least than we snould express by ' this person.' The Heb.

words so translated in AV are (a) a-x 'ish, 1 S 29^ ' Make this fellow return ' (RV ' the man'); in plu. 'fellows,' Jg 18^ (r? J 'ic cvjt!, lit. 'men, bitter of soul,' as RVm ; Moore, 'men of acrid temper '). RV adds Jg *• (A V ' persons ') 1 1» (A V ' men '). In these places neither the Heb. nor probably the Eng. means more than 'person.'

And even when ' this fellow' is the tr" of (h) ni zch, 'this' (1 S 21'"'<» 25", 1 K22=' = 2Ch IS'^, 2 K 9" ; to which RV adds 1 S 29^), there is at least less contemi>t expressed than the words now carry The Greek words correspond to the Hebrew, (a) aviip, 1 Mac 10°' 'certain pestilent fellows' (iSi-Spft Xoi/ioi) ; Ac 17° ' took unto them certain lewd fellows' (Tii'dt ivSpas iropijpov!) (b) oBroj, Sir 13", FENCE FENCED CITIES IMac 4», Mt 12« 26«i-'", Lk 22»9 23=, Jn 9» Ac 18".

RV prefers 'man' except in Sir, where ' fellow ' is simply omitted, (c) 6 toioGtos, Ac 22, . Perhaps the strongest expression of contemj)t is given when 'fellow' is added to an adj. The examples are {a) O'pi rSkim, 2 8 6'" ' vain fellows ' ; (b) ToX/jLTjpds, Sir 8" ' bold fellow ' ; and (c) Xoi/iiir, Ac 24° ' pestilent fellow ' (cf. ivSpa Xoi/io!, 'pestilent fellows,' 1 Mac 10" above). The Amer.

RV prefers ' base fellow ' to AV ' son (man) of Belial,' and ' inwe fellows ' to sons (men, children) of Belial.' See Belial. In composition ' fellow ' always means partner or companion. The foil, compounds occur in AV : (1) Fellowcitizen (jwtoXItt,^), Eph 2'», RV adds He 8", reading 6 TroMrrit with edd. for o w\t]jIop of TK which gave AV 'neighbour.' (2) Fellowdisciple (o-w/iaSTjT^s), Jn 11'. (3) Fellowheir {trvt/KX-npovofidi), Eph 3.

(4) Fellowhelper (a-wepyS^, see ' fellow- worker '), 2 Co 8=3, 3 Jn s. (5) Fellowlabourer {avyfpydi, see ' fellow-worker), Ph 4', 1 Th 3-, Philera '• ". (6) Fellowprisoner (trwaixMdXwros), Ro 16', Col 4i«, Philem ». (7) Fellowservant ((rw5oi;\os), Mt 18-»- 29- 31- sa 24«, Col 1' 4' ( = ' fellow-worker ' in Col), Rev 6" 19'" 22». (8) Fellowsoldier (TR avirrpa- Titlirrj^, edd. avvaT.), Ph 2=°, Philem =. (9) Fellow worker (so 161 1 , amepybs). Col 4".

RV adds ' fellow- worker,' Ro \&-'' (AV 'helper'), 1 Co 3" 'we are God's fellow-workers ' ( A V ' labourers together with God'), 2 Co S^ (AV 'fellowhelper'), Ph 22» (A V ' companion in labour ') 4=, Philem '• " (AV 'fellowlabourer'), 3 Jn»(AV 'fellowl)elper '). (10) Workfellow (awepyt,;), Ro 16-'. (11) Yokefellow (TR fft'fi/yos, edd. aOvivyati), Ph 4'. To those RV adds (12) Fellow -elder ((rvinrpea^irrepos, T. WH, <rw7rp.), 1 P 5' (AV 'also an elder').

(13) Fellow- member of the body (TR, auaffujfjios, edd. avvaiopios), Eph 3" (AV 'of the same body'). (14) Fellow- partaker {ffvii/jLh-oxos, T. WH, <rwn.), Eph 3" (AV 'partaker'). For Fellowship, see Communion. J. Hastings. FENCE.-^Tliis Eng. word is not used in NT. In AV of UT it translates various Hebrew words. In the case of three of these, the tr. is a mistake, and is changed in RV (Is 5=, 2 S 23', Job 10").

The words from the stems zur and bAzar, nis and ns;, denote fortifications or fortified places (e.g. 2 Ch 8° 11=', Dt3°etc.) Tho.se from the stem qfidar, -ni, denote a stone wall (Ps 6'2», Job 19«). RV tr. the words of this stem by ' fence ' in many places where we find ' wall ' or ' hedge ' in AV. A fence is properly that which fends or defends. The fence described in the Heb. words of this group is ordinarily the enclosure defending a field or vine- yard or sneepfold. See Hedge.

W J P5efchpr FENCED CITIES (lynp nj;, properly 'cut off' from outside, and hence inaccessible ; RV generally substitutes 'fortified' for 'fenced'). — Collections of houses in ancient times may be classed under three heads: (1) Cities, walled or fenced. (2) Unwalled towns and villages, with towers for resort of i-illagers in times of danger. (3) Un- walled towns and villages. The number or size of the houses did not affect the question. A city might be of very small extent.

Gn 19™ ' Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one : Oh ! let me cscajie thither (is it not a little one?) and my soul shall live.' On the other hand, the suburbs of a city might become so extensive that it became equiva- lent to a town without walls. Zee 2" 'Jerusalem shall be inhabited a.s villages without walls, for the multitude of men and cattle therein.'

Towns and villages that were without walls were a prey to any hostile foraging |)arty, and were considered of no accoant. Lv 25="- " 'If a man sell a dwelling-house in a walled city, then he may redeem it. . But the houses of the villages, which have no wall round about them, shall be reckoned with the fields of the country.' As a village or town prospered and more solid houses were built, they would for purposes of defence be joined together, and the to^vn would thus become a walled city.

Towns and villages appear to have been dependent upon fenced cities both for admini- strative purposes and for protection of the inhabit- ants. Jos IS'" ' Ashdod with her to^vns and her vUlages ; Gaza with her towns and her vOlages. ' As an indication of absolute security, a land of safety is pictured as 'a land of unwalled villages . . dwelling without walls, and having neither bars nor gates' (Ezk 38"). The suburbs of the cities were occupied by cattle (Jos 14'' 21=).

The villages, however, were not wholly without protection. The Israelites could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley or low country because they had chariots of iron (Jg l'", Jos 17"). Both at Jericho and Damascus hou.ses were built on the city walls (Jos 2", 2 Co 11=3). Sufficient still exi.sts of the remains of the ancient cities of Palestine, together with the historical accounts, to give us a clear idea of the positions and the general configuration of their walls.

They were built in commanding positions both in the hill-country and the plains, and on the seashore they were generally on promontories. In many cases most inaccessible positions wero taken advantage of, so that the battering-rait might be of no avail. Dt 1=» ' The cities are great, and fenced up to heaven.' Cisterns were cut in the rock for the supply of rain-water, so as to be independent of water from without (2 Ch 26'°, Neh 9^, Jos. BJ V. iv. 3, vil. viii. 3).

There are many remains of ancient cities still exposed to view in various parts of Palestine, inhabited by nomadic tribes, where the system of defence can yet be observed : as an example, Masada, built by Jonathan Maccabreus, and strengthened by Herod the Great, may be men- tioned.

None of the remains, however, can be accurately ascribed to the time of Joshua, though the sites may not have changed, and it is doubtful whether at that early date the walls of fenced cities were of the same solid type as that which necessarily obtained when the battering, ram came into use.

Some of the fenced cities men- tioned in the Book of Joshua were taken by stratagem, but others were taken by assault by a nation which did not possess the mechanical con- trivances required for the capture of cities with strong walls. From what remains of the ruins of Jericho (as.suined to be near 'Ain es-Sult.

ln), it may be inferred that these walls were built from the earliest date of sun-burnt bricks ; and from the knowledge we now possess of the walls about Jerusalem, it may be considered that at the time of the capture of the city by Joab the walls were built of small stones. The stones of the ancient towers and walls of Jerusalem still existing are of considerable size, some of those in the wall of the temple enclosure weighing nearly 90 tons.

At Baalbek the great temple stands on a massive wall, with courses of stone averaging 3 ft. 9 in. in height. Thirty feet in advance of tliis, N., S., and W., is a protecting wall, 10 ft. thick, of monoliths weighing 600 to 800 tons each, three of them being estimated to weigh over 1000 tons each.

The bulwarks of the fenced cities of Palestine, so far back as the time of the Jewish kings, ajipenr to have consisted of a solid mns(mry wall of cut stone, with parapets and battUiiiiiits, and willi towers at intervals from which the foot of the wall could be seen (2 Ch 32». Jer 31^). In the walls wer* FERRET FESTUS watchmen (2 K 0", 2 S 18» Is 62«).

Within the city was usually a citadel or acropolis (Jg 9"'), and without were walls, outworks, and towers (2 Ch 14' ' Let us build these cities, and make about them walls and towers, gates and bars ' ; 2 S 20", Is 26', Nah 3», 2 Ch 26»).

The protracted resistance offered by many of the fenced cities of Palestine may have been due as much to the strength of their position as to their walls ; Samaria resisted the kmg of Assyria for three years, and Jerusalem successfully resisted the power of Rome, and only fell before Titus owing to the internal dissensions of the Jewish leaders.

The whole subject connected with the attack and defence of cities and fortified places is treated of under War, and special cases for reference \vill be found under JERUSALEM, Samaria, Jericho, Gath, Gaza, and other strongholds of Philistia. See also Gatb. C. Warren.