Paint (Hastings' Dictionary)

Mention is made Jer 22" of the paint- ing (πῦρ mashah) of interiors with vermilion, prob- ably after the manner of lacquer-work, which in a somewhat debased form is still practised in Damascus. The shields of the warriors of Nineveh were painted red, Nah 2. The variegation by colour was, however, chiefly by dyes in cloth, and by inlaying in wood, stone, and metal.

The a plication of paint was especially an art eatin y the ancient Egyptians, some of whose pigments were exceedingly beautiful, and have retained their freshness through the centuries. The other biblical references are to the oe of the eyes, 2K 9”, Jer 4%, Ezk 23”. he sub- stance used for this purpose is antimony ("= pik, Arab. ku/l), and the act of applying it is >n> (kahal). It is pounded to a powder of extreme fineness, so that ‘as soft as kuAl’ has passed into a proverbial expression.

The eyelids are held between two fingers and drawn forward a little, and then a fine rod covered with the black paste is drawn along between the edges of the eyelids. The powder does not irritate the delicate coating of the eye with which it comes in contact, but there is a collection of the panne under the eye- lid so as to produce actual distension. The eflect is one of apparent enlargement of the eyes, and this is further enhanced by a line of stain prolonging the eyelashes.

While the result is universally acknowledged in the East to be ornamental, the motive is too obviously ostentatious to meet with approval among the more cultivated classes. Among the Bedawin of the desert men as well According to PALACE 640 PALESTINE popular belief, it strengthens the eyes and protects against ophthalmia. See EYE-PAINT. G. M. MACKIE. PALACE is used to tr. the following words :— 1. qx 'armdén, Am 45 σης [very dub.]; βάρις, βασί- λειον, θεμέλιον, etc.; palatium, domus, etc.

; properly ‘citadel,’ probably connected with the root on ‘to be high’; chiefly used in Pss and Prophets, especi- ally Amos, 2. S29 Aékhal, βασίλειον, οἶκος, etc., palatium, ete., supposed to be derived, through the Assyr. ekallu, from the Akkadian e-gal, ‘great house.’ The same word is used more frequently in the sense of ‘temple’ as the house of J”. 3. 773 birdh, πόλις, Bdpis, οἶκος, etc., civitas, castrum, etc.

, properly ‘castle’; only in late post-exilic literature, Ch, Ezr, Neh, Est, Dn; in 1 Ch 29% of the temple at Jerusalem. 4. ΠΝ ‘appedhen, not tr. in LXX and Vulg.; only in Dn 11“=Old Pers. apaddna, ‘treasury,’* ‘armoury.’ 5. m3 bayith, 103. bithdn, ‘house.’ 6. ay> ¢irdh, only in Ezk 254, σκήνωμα, tentorium, RV ‘encampment,’ and Ca 89 ἔπαλξις, naculum, RV ‘turret,’ RVm ‘battlements.’ 7. αὐλή, atrium, ‘court.’ 8. mpa- τώριον, pretorium, the ‘ preetor’s court.

’ Of these, 3 and 6 are incorrectly translated ‘palace.’ The other words used remind us that a ‘palace’ differs from other buildings only by the size and complexity necessitated by the private life and public functions of a ruler. Priiarils it is simply a large house (2, 5); so the Egyptian royal title Pharaoh or Palace (cf. Sublime Porte) means ‘great house’ ; and the ordinary OT term for ‘palace,’ in its strict sense of ‘ royal residence,’ is ‘the king’s house,’ or ‘his house,’ 1 K 7} 9°.

'Armén indicates that in troubled times a paler was a fortress ; (‘appedhen and) pretorium that, in early times, a palace in- eluded government offices, law courts, and prisons, Jer 32%, See, further, PRHTORIUM. The only royal residence of which we have any details in the Bible is Solomon’s palace, 1 K 71:15, which took thirteen years to build.

This included the ‘ House of the Forest of Lebanon,’ a great hall, 100 cubits long, 50 broad, 30 high, with four rows of pillars; a foe of pillars,’ 50 cubits by 30; the ‘porch of the throne’ for a court of justice; a dwelling-house for himself, and another for Pharaoh’s daughter. Round about the whole was a great court of hewn stones and cedar beams.

The description was probably written while the buildings were still standing; but it is very ob- secure, and the text has suffered in transmission. Moreover, the account is obviously incomplete; the writer does not profess to mention all the apart- ments in the palace, and only gives the dimensions of the ‘House of the Forest of Lebanon’ and the ‘Porch of Pillars.

’ With these meagre data, the various reproductions of the ground-plan are little more than guesses which Bela us to imagine the Saeed arrangement of the rooms and courts of an sraelite palace. Cf. Housr; see for Solomon’s Palace, the Commentaries on 1 K, the Histories of Isr. on Solomon, and the Archzeologies on ‘ Palace,’ especially Benzinger, Arch. 233-243. n Egypt the palace was not only the royal residence, but also the seat of government.

The royal apartments were in an inner, the halls of audience in an outer court. If we include all the buildings required for courtiers and officials, the ‘palace’ becomes not a house, but a royal city. A characteristic feature was a balcony on which the king would show himself to his people. See Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, 69f., 182f.; Mas- pero, Dawn, ete. 275 f. The Assyrian and Babylonian palaces were large * So St ταν (explaining it as | Gr. ἀπο-θή- αν), but Dar- mesteter (Et. Iran. ii.

1. 133) as ‘bitiment élevé sur une hauteur.’ In Syr. it certainly=‘ palace,’ cf. Sir 507 (Syr.), where it is used of the Temple. and magnificent. In Babylonia the palaces, like the temples, were built on the top of artificial mounds of crude bricks; and were groups of build- ings forming a great fortress. For account, plans, ete., of Gudea’s palace at Lagash, see Maspero, Dawn, ete. 709 f.; Hommel, Gesch. Bab. u. Assyr. 201. In Assyria a typical palace is that of Sargon u.

at Dursarrakin, a huge walled square, with numerous buildings and inner courts, including a ziggurat and other i ee Special features of the Assyr. palaces were the sculptures on the walls, and the winged human-headed bulls ispannnens in Brit. Mus.) See Maspero, Hist. Anc. "πάν ᾿ ch. xi. ; Hommel, op. cit. 682 ff. (both illustrated). W. H. BENNE?T. PALAL (55> ‘judge’), the son of Uzai, took part in the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah (Neh 3%; B Φαλάλ, A add).