Pastoral epistles (Hastings' Dictionary)

See New TESTAMENT, p. 527°, and arts. TrmoTuy, TITUs. PATARA (τὰ Πάταρα) was a city on the Lycian coast, about 60 stadia south-east from the mouth of the river Xanthos, at the modern village Gelemish. It served as the principal harbour for the inland cities in the valley of that river, in- eluding Xanthus the city, Tlos, Araxa, etc.

It was also a link in the chain of coasting trade, which had been maintained for more than a PATE thousand years before Christ, and which steadil grew and in the centuries immediately before an after Christ attained vast proportions. Ships sail- ing between the Algean or Italian harbours and the Levant (Cyprus, Pamphylia, Cilicia, Syria, Egypt) touched at Rhodes and then at Patara, making a straight run across the intervening sea. That is well exemplified in the account of St.

Paul’s voyage (Ac 21") from Miletus and Cos by Rhodes and Patara to Syria. In Patara he found a ship bound for Pheenicia by the direct sea voyage ; and he transhipped into it with his com- pany. The ship in which he had come to Patara was not so suitable for his purposes, whether because it was bound for the continuous coasting voyage, hugging close the shore of Asia Minor, or ssibly because it was not going farther than the yeian harbours.

Many ships engaged in the Syrian or the Egyptian trade, especially those ac were larger and stronger, stood direct across the Levant from the Lycian coast to their destina- tion, keeping west and south of the island of Cyprus. They could do this easily with the pre- vailing westerly breezes of the Levant; but the return voyage outside (i.e. south and west) of Cyprus was not easy; it could be tried from Egypt, but from Syria was hardly possible for the ancient ships. Hence, when St.

Paul was coming back from Cxsarea to Rome, he had to keep inside, i.e. east and north, of Cyprus, on account of the prevailing westerly breezes, Ac27?. SeealsoMyRa, which was the next important link in the chain of trade eastward. This situation assured to Patara considerable importance and wealth. Its coinage begins about B.C. 440, sometimes as autonomous with Lycian legends (name Pttara) or under dynasts about 430- 410. In the 4th and 8rd cents. B.c.

it seems te have struck no coins, being under foreign rule ; but when the Lycian League was established (see LyctA), Patarean coinage began again, B.C. 168- 81, and it continued in bronze a the Roman empire until about A.D. 230-240. Alliance coins with Myra, under Gordian m1., attest the close relations of the two cities, as above mentioned.

The importance of Patara as a link in the con- nexion between Egypt and the Aigean harbours is shown by the fact that, when the Ptolemaic ower attained its acme in the 3rd cent., Ptolemy Phila- delphus enlarged the city and re-named it Arsinoe after his queen; but the new name disappeared with the Egyptian power.

The name of Patara in ancient times was closely connected with the cultus and the oracle of Apollo; and its later coins show Apolline types, though on its earlier coinage Athena and Hermes (Greek ideals of art and trade) are the prominent figures. The Roman poets, and the later Greeks like Lykophron, associate the epithet Patarean with Apollo, just as they call the god Delphian. The oracle spoke only duriig part of the year, viz.

the Six winter months, In the history of Christianity Patara was of small consequence. Lycia, like Pamphylia, seems to have been slow in adopting the new religion. Patara was a bishopric, and is mentioned as such in all the Notitie. There are still considerable ruins of the city, on which see Beaufort, Texier, Fellows, Spratt, and Forbes, and, above all, the splendid work of Benndorf-Niemann on Ly/ia. W. M. Ramsay.

PATE (formed by loss of 7 from ‘plate,’ which came to be applied to the crown of the head, esp. the bald crown, from its appearance: ef. Germ.

Platte, ‘a plate,’ ‘bald head,’ and vulgarly ‘the head’) occurs once in AV (Ps 7156 ‘His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent dealing stall come down upon his own pate’) and PATHEUS is retained in RV, because of the distinction thus brought out between wx1 ré’sh, the usual word for ‘head,’ and p37 Kodhkodh, the ‘ crown of the head’ (which elsewhere, however, is rendered ‘crown of the head,’ Gn 49%, Dt 33”, 2S 14%, Job 27, Is 317, Jer 216 48%, or “ of the head,’ Dt 28% 33!

8, or ‘scalp,’ Ps 68%), e AV tr. in Ps 716 comes from Coverdale (Wyc. has ‘nol’ in 1382, ‘necke’ in 1388) ; it is used by Knox in a tr. of the passage (Works, iii. 90), ‘The dolour whilk he intendit for me gall fall upon his own pate; and the violence whairwith he wold haif oppressit me sall cast doun his awn heid.’ Shaks. uses the word freely, and always in contempt or ridicule, which seems to accompany its use everywhere, but this is not Eroniouneed in, ¢.g.

, Tymme, Calvin’s Genesis on n 31” (p. 650), ‘It was a heavie and miserable sight, that Jacob... should flee away as one that had done amisse; but this was more sharpe and fearefull, that the destruction which Laban intended against him, was readie to light on his pate.’ J. HASTINGS. PATHEUS (Παθαῖος), 1 Es 9%, the same as PETHAHIAH the Levite, Ezr 10%. PATHROS (oinne, LXX γῆ Παθουρῆς, B also Φαθωρῆς, Ezk 29% 30%, Vulg.

Phatures, also Phethros) appears in the following passages :—Jer 441, the Jews fleeing before the Babylonians settled ‘in the land of Egypt, and at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph (i.e. Memphis, so far three cities of Lower Egypt), and in the country of Pathros,’ evidently a part of the land south of Memphis. V."5, all people that dwelt in the land of Egypt and] in ‘ Pathros’ answer Jeremiah’s accusation. he ‘and’ is wanting in the Heb.

and already in the text of the LXX, but it has evidently been omitted by mistake, and must be inserted after the analogy of the first verse. Pathros denotes, not a part of (Lower) Egypt or Mizraim, but a region arallel to it. Is 11! ‘the remainder of Israel will brought home from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Pathros (LXX strangely ‘ Babylonia’), and Ethiopia (Cush), and Elam,’ete.

Ezk 30", we find again, in the prophecy ear Egypt, this country parallel to Pathros (the following cities are not arranged in any geographic order). We see, consequently, that the prophets did not use Mizraim in the old sense ‘Egypt,’ but in a limited sense, distinguishing between Mizraim, Ἐεγρὺ proper, i.e. Lower Berger the Delta of the Nile, and Pathros or Upper sypt (this definition was correctly perceived already by S. Bochart in his book Phaleg).

Pathros denotes, therefore, the same thing as the Thebais of the Greeks, the country beginning a few miles S. of Memphis, at a place called Acanthus by the Greeks and extend- ing to Syene on the first cataract. The name is of good Egyp. formation: P-to-rés, ‘the southern (r/s) country,’ an etymology given correctly already by Quatremtre. Other etymologies have not main- tained themselves; ¢.g.

the comparison with the Pathyrite (νόμος pe gol of the Greeks, a small county or nomos of per Egypt, which was ve tempting for former scholars (G. Ebers in 1867), is inadmissible. (It would be in Heb. letters [Ὁ] nnn» Pe-hathor-(res) or something similar). The Assyr. king Esarhaddon calls himself in a cuneiform inscription ‘ king of the kings of Egyrt (Muzur), of Paturisi and Ethiopia’ (Aust, i.e. Cush of the Heb- rews). Possibly the Heb.

word should be read onnp Pathoris, in accordance with this testimony, the versions, and the Egyp. etymology. The reason why the prophets drew this line of distinction between Egypt proper and the ‘Southern country’ was their old political division, renewed about 800 B.c. At that time the Eth. PATMOS 693 king of Napata extended his power beyond the (SE espe =e ae Thebes. About 770 B.c. the Ethiopian P(i)'ankhi (Piankhi) possessed Upper Egypt down to Hermopolis.

The rest of fon was split up into ten small kingdoms pel independent of the legal Pharaoh, Shoshenk rv. Of these petty kings residing in Sais, Bubastis, Hermopolis, etc., Tefnakht of Sais finally gained the supremacy. He failed to subject Middle Feyet owing to the interference of the Ethiopians.

Tetnakht’s defeat and nominal subjection under P(i)‘ankhi’s sovereignty did not prevent him and his successor Bocchoris (Egyptian Bok-en-renef, the famous founder of the Egyptian code of laws) from gaining finally all Lower and Middle Egypt. In 728 the Eth. Shabako, interfering again, defeated Bocchoris, burned him alive, and united Egypt under his rule. But the political division of Pathros under administration of the Eth.

kings and of Mizraim under native rulers, which had lasted for some 70 years, was kept in memory by the Hebrews during the 7th cent. and even by Ezekiel (572 B.c.) Ezk 29" (after Egypt has been desolate for 40 yous and its inhabitants exiled), ‘I will bring ck the cee Eeyet, and will cause them to return into (LXX, ‘will cause them to dwell in,’ perhaps better) the land of Pathros, into the land of their birth, and they shall be there a base king- dom.

’ It is very remarkable to find in Ezekiel a knowledge of the correct Egyp. tradition concern- ing the priority of the Southern country over the North. The earliest known dynasties of kings resided in Memphis on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt, but the first historical king, Menes, came from This (Thinis) near Abydos in Upper Egypt. Therefore the inscriptions always place the South as the aboriginal country before the North. The issue of that prophecy is not quiteclear.

The downfall of Egypt’s power and the loss of her in- dependence for ever in 525 B.C., brought about by Cambyses, are a clear fulfilment. But we do not know of an independent Egyp. kingdom limited to Upper Egypt, except about 200 B.c., when the Egyp- tians, rebelling against the Greek kings (Ptolemy IV. and V.), held their own in the Thebaid for about 20 years. Ezekiel’s words apparently require some less literal interpretation, which we cannot well Εἰς in our foe state of knowledge.

From ’athros the branch of the Egyptians came, called Pathrusim (Gn 10%, LXX οἱ Πατροσωνιείμ). W. MAX MULLER. PATMOS (Πάτμοτ).,, This island is once men- tioned in the Bible, Rev 1° ‘I John... was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.’ Patmos lies off the coast of Asia Minor, in 37° 20’ N. Lat. and 26° 35’ E. Long., and on the map has roughly the shape of a horse’s head and neck, the nose inting eastwards, It is about 10 miles long b .

and §., and 6 broad along its northern end. Its much indented coastline is 37 miles round ; according to Pliny, 30 Roman miles. It consists of three main masses of volcanic hills which, at their highest point, Hagios Elias, rise toover 800 ft. In the Middle Ages its palms won it the name of Palmosa, but under Turkish rule its vegetation, trade, and inhabitants have mg es disappeared. The ancient capital occupied an isthmus connect- ing what are now called the inlets of La Scala and Merika.

Its ruins are still visible, and the Cyclo- ean work of the citadel denotes great mp ie he chief feature of the modern island is the monastery of St. John, dominating with its battle- ments the modern town, which lies a mile and a half south of La Scala, the landing-place. This monastery was founded in 1088 under Alexius Comnenus by St. Christodulos. Whether the PATRIARCHS 694 ‘cave of the apocalypse’ halfway up the hillside now shown as the spot at which St.

John receive his revelation, was already famous before that date, is not known. The monastery contains a poor remnant of the valuable library which was once there. Mai, in his Nova Bibliotheca, νι. ii. p. 537, has published from a Vatican MS a list of the books preserved there in the 13th cent. It was here that the English traveller E. Ὁ, Clark pur- chased of the monks, in Oct. 1814, the great 9th cent. codex of Plato now in the Bodleian.

It remains to add that, according to an uncertain tradition reserved in Irensus, v. 30; Eusebius, ΠΕ iii. 18; lieronymus, de Ser. il. ο. 9, and others, St. John was exiled to Patmos in the 14th year of the emperor Domitian, and returned thence to Ephesus A.D. 96 under Nerva. A modern traveller, Mr.

Theodore Bent, has suggested that the natural scenery of the island determined some features of the imagery of the Apocalypse: a suggestion which Dean Stanley in his Sermons in the East had already made. Lireraturs.—H., F. Tozer, The Islands of the <2gean, 1890, PP. 178-195 ; Tournefort, Relation d'un Voyage, Lyon, 1717; Valpole, Turkey, London, 1820, vol. ii. 43; E. Ὁ. Olark, Travels, London, 1818, vol. vi. ch. 2; Ross, Reisen, Stuttgart, 1840, vol. ii.

; Guérin, Description de PIle de Patmos, Paris, 1856. Among ancient authorities Patmos is mentioned by Thuoyd. iii. 833; Pliny, Nat. Hist. iv. 23; Strabo, bk. x. ch. δ. F. C. CONYBEARE.