Pavement (Hastings' Dictionary)

In early days the floors of houses no doubt were simply of beaten earth, but gradually people learned to make some kind of cement, ith which to harden the floor, from the admix- ture of lime, bitumen, or oil.

At the present day a hard cement is used in cisterns and floors in Palestine, made by mixing red earth with olive oil; and during the PEF excavations (1867-71) ancient tanks were discovered in which this cement had been used, which was of a very tenacious description, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. The floors of houses of the wealthy were seldom Paulus ὦ. d. Reden ἃ. Herrn Jesu; it is touched on by P. Ewald in his Hauptproblem ἃ. Evangelien. Péché (Appendice to L'apétre P.3); P.

Wernle, Der Christ τι. d. Stinde bei Paulus; A. Zahn, Das Gesetz Gottes nach d. Lehre ὦ. ἃ. Erfahrung d. Ap. P.2; R. A. Lipsius, Die paul. Rechtfertiqungslehre ; Th. Haring, δικαιοσύνη Θιοῦ bei Paulus; W. Karl, beitrdge z. Verstandniss d. soteriol. Erfahrungen t. Spekulationen ἃ. ae P.; O. Schiider, Die Bedeutung d. leben- digen Christus 7. die ἜΡΟΝ ok nach P.; J. Ε΄ Rabiger, de Christologia Paulina; R. idt, Die paul. Christologie ; J. Geist paul. Theodicée ; E. ΚΝ, Zur paul. Theodicée; K.

Miiller, Die 7: Ὲ Zu orp! u. Erwihiung nach ἃ. Ev. Paulus; J. almer, Die Er ‘ung Israels nach isch, Di Eschatologie d. Paulus; E. Teichmann, Die paul. Vorstel- special sections: of Gr. Fathers, Origen (Fragg. in Epp. P.), Chrysostom (followed by the rest), Th Mops., Theodoret, John of Damas- cus, Theophylact, umenius; of the Latins, Ambrosiaster, Pelagius, In the Middle Ages, Thom. Aquinas, Expositio in omnes . S. Pault.

At the Revival of Learning, Laurentius Valla, Col/atio (bearing on text); Nicholas ἃ Lyra. J. Oolet, with his Lectures on Paul's Epp., and Erasmus (In NT Annotationes) led the way in the Reformation period ; J. Calvin towers above all others (In NT Commentarii), followed by Th. Beza (Jnterpretatio and Annotationes in NT), with the Rom. Cath. G. Estius (Commentt. in Epp.) tor a worthy rival ; Cornelius ἃ Lapide and Bernardinus ἃ Piconio (Epp. P. trv partita expositw: richly spiritual) are R.O.

interpreters of the 17th cent., Hugo Grotius (Annott. in N7T—humanistic and Arminian) the chief Prot. exegete ; John Locke wrote a char- acteristic Paraphrase and Notes on éal., land 2 Cor., Ro., Eph J. Pierce, ‘after the manner of Mr. Locke,’ on Col., Phil., Heb. (of distinct value); J. J. Wetstein, V7’ Grarcum, rich in classical and Jewish illustration. J. A. Bengel opens the modern period, ‘th his inimitable Gnomon NT ; J. F. Flatt, early this cent., Commentar tiber Rimer . .

Titus,in 6 vols.; then fol- lowed the standard critical works of W. M. L. de Wette, H. A. W. Meyer (tr.; re-edited since his death in Germany by various eading scholars). J. Ο. K. von Hofmann’s e ition, Die Al. rift NT untersucht, and H. Ewald’s Die Sendschreiben ἃς Ap. Paulus, are of special value for Paul. The recent Kurzge- fassivr Kommentar (ed. Zéckler) and Handcommentar z. NT’ (Schm!sdel, Lipsius, v.

Soden) continue the task of scientific exegesis tn Germany—the former in a conservative, the latter in a critical sense. In England, St. Paul has attracted our best exegetical scholarship: H. Alford and O. Wordsworth have interpreted the whole Gr. Test.; J. B. Lightfoot, Gal., Phil., Col. and Philem., with posthumous Notes on . of Paul, covering 1 and 2 Th, 1 Co 1-7, Ro 1-7, Eph 114; ©. J. Ellicott, all the Epp. except Ro and 2 Co (in 6 vols.); B. Jowett, 1 and 2 Thess., Ro., Gal.

(a continuous work); J. Eadie, Gal.- 2 Thess. (δ vols.); J. A. Beet, Ro.-Col. (4 vols.); M. F. Sadler, all the Epp.; J. R. Boise, Notes, Critical and Explan., on the Gr. Text of Paul's Epp. (New York); various writers, in the Internat. Crit. Comm., Speaker's Comm., Popular Comm., NT Comm. for Eng. Readers, Pulpit Comm., Expositor’s Bible and Gr. Test., Camb. Gr. Test. and Bible ‘for Schools, etc. R. Whately’s Essays on some Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul is worth consulting.

In French, H.Oltramare has written very ably on Ro., Eph. and Col. with Philem, (5 vols.); F. Godet, By try and 1 Co. (tr.; 4 vols.); L. Bonnet, Epitres de Pauls, CO. Olemen, Einheitléichkeit d. paulin. Briefe (1894), digests recent hypotheses of interpolation and compilation in the Epp., attempting a reconstruction on his own part. G. G. Frypuay.