Quotations

In OT there are few definite quotations, but the Bible \\Titers freely introduced matter which they found ready to hand. Several books, such as those of the Hexateuch, J<', 1 and 2 S, etc., are made up, in fact, of previously existing documents (see Hexateuch, etc.). Shorter ex- tracts are also frequent, esp. poems, such as the Song of Laniech (Gn 4^- ^), the Blessing of Jacob ((!n 49, "), the Song and the Blessing of Moses (Ex 15-'"", Dt 33-"^), etc. ; or portions of songs, as Jos lU'-'"'''. In a few instances only is the source men- tioned, as 'the Bk. of Jashar' (Jos 10"", 2S l'», 1 K 8" LXX), 'the Bk. of the W.ars of J"' (Nu 21'''). Sometimes they were probably popular songs handed down by oral tradition (Nu 21"). Often a writer incorporates the language of an earlier writer, a.s frequently throughout the Psalms, so much so that certain phrases came to be tradi- tional, such as 'praise ye J",' 'for His mercy endureth for ever.' It is not always certain M'hether passages common to two writers are copied from one by the other, or are both taken from one common source, as Is '2'-"''=Mic 4'"^, which is evidently foreign to the context of Is (note the minatory tone of 2'", ), and, if taken by Isaiah from Micah, proves Is 2 to have been written not earlier than Hezekiah's reign (cf. Jer 26" with Mic 3" contextually connected with Mic 4'), and is therefore belie\ed by many to belong to some earlier unknown document. It is also probable that Is 15-16'^ is derived from an earlier source (see 16"), and such passages suggest the inquiry whether the insertion ot earlier material by biblical ^vriters may not have been nmch more frequent than is commonly sui)po8ed. i. (Quotations from OT in NT.— These are very frequent and very various in character. Turpie puts them at 275 ; but this does not in. elude the very gieat number of passages incor- porated into tlie language of NT writers, esp. in tlie Apocalypse. A. Quotations are ttsuolbf from LXX — (ot) even though dill'ering more or less considerably from MT (1) in pointing, as Ac 15" [Am 9'-] (mx ' man' for Dix 'Edom'), He I1-' [Gn 47"] (noo 'stall'' fol na? ' bed ') ; (2) in reading, as Ac 15" {•o-n'. ' seek' for •!?■)'; 'possess') (Ac 2-' [Ps 16'"] agrees with LXX in following ]>erS ^Vf q ' Thy holy one ' for Kethibh 'Cy:n ' Thy holy ones') ; (3) by a probably inaccurate tr. of words, as Ac 2" [Ps l(j'"] {Sia<p0op6. ' destruction ' for nrc' ' pit '), Ro 10'-" [Is C5'] {e/j.(pai'rjs iycvi/j.-iji' ' I was m.ade manifest ' for 'nf -inj ' 1 was souglit ') ; and of phrases, as He2''-'[Ps8"''J(^XdTTu(ra! aurdv Qpaxv Ti Trap' d-yy^Xovs ' Thou madest him a little lower than the angels' for o'-Sk:: oi'S imjom ' Thou hast made him but little lower than God ') ; (4) by other dillerences which cannot easily be accounted for, but are probably due to various readings, as Ro 9-'''- '^ [Is lO'-'-' '"J, where, besides other variations, LXX seems to have read I'S",' for 3it';, and 157 for ['v^s and n^j, and in He lO'''" [Hab 2^-^], where LXX probably read nsVi' (with 531 K) for nVs>;, and rryio for n-i;;. In He 10 [Ps 40'] it was suggested by Kennicott that a;}])} (Heb. text) is a corruption of nu in (LXX). If so, it would seem probable that t."< itself was inserted by error from the following line, and that LXX read ni: only ; but the Heb. reading with all its difficulty better suits the context, the contrast being between obedience and sacrifice (cf. 1 S 15-"). (6) Sometimes when the argument depends on LXX as distinct from Heb., as in He 1' [Ps 104''], where Heb. = ' Wlio maketh for his messengers winds, for his ministers a flaming fire.' Cf. also Ac 2-', He 2' 10'. (c) Generally even by writers conversant with the Heb. as St. Paul and St. John (see I, /, h). {cl) To a large extent even when the (^notation points to a knowledge of Heb., showing that the %vriter, even though he had the Heb. before him, or in his mind, still repro- duced in part the familiar language of LXX, as Mt 2'8 [Jer 31 (38) "] (K\av9fi6s rai 65vp^Los, LXX KXavefiov K. 6dvpfiou), 12", ' [Is 42'-'], where after a quotation, which is an independent tr. of Heb. dittering in almost every word from LXX, the last verse agrees exactly with LXX, tliough the latter follows a diti'erent text in all three words [k. iv [LXX ^Tri] T. 6vo^ia.TL avroO ^Ovtj 4\TnoO(Tt ' and in his name shall the Gentiles hope ' for d">! in-jinj!) ('?.3:; 'and the isle? shall wait for his law'). It la also possible tha'- this may be the insertion of an early editor of Mt, or a various reading of Heb. followed also by LXX (see J, a ; cf. Ro 9-'). B. Quotations are occasionally independent translations from the Heb. — (a) because they were so found in the documents which the writer incor- porates, as Lk 1" [Mai 3' and 4°- 'J (^roi/ncttrat— njs for LXX iri^Xhj/eTai ; itrkaTpixj/ai — 3'rn for diro«to- TatTT^o-ei ; ■waripuv — Ti'i^i} for Trarpis), 2'^ (see J, a); (b) for the sake of the argument, as Jn 19" [Zee 12'"] ((Is bo i^eKivTTiaav — nj-i n;:'.x nx for avB' Sir KaTtjpxv<''<^''ro from variant "Fl), Ro 9" [Ex 9'"], where St. Paul prefers the rendering of 'J?-]"^" ^J ^i-^yeipi fff 'did I raise tliee up ' to dicntprjdrii ' tliLAl wast preserved,' Ro 12" [Dt 32^] (i/iol iKbU-qffn— DQj '^ for iv Tjiiipq. iKSixitadiis) ; (c) probably becausa tiie wTiter was better acquainted with the Heb. of the book quoted memoritcr, as Ro 11 etc. (see I- '■ . „ . C. The only quotations in Aramnic or Hebrew- Aramaic are the words on the Cross, Mt 27", Mk 15* (see I, a (1), (2)), unless we include tha words /xapi.i' i$i 'our Lord cometh' (1 Co 16'-^), probably a well-known Christian salutation. Sea ^Iauaxatha. QUOTATIONS QUOTATIONS 18c D. Some few quotations are based upon an Aranviif inlerprctntion of the Hebrew, and suggest the inijuirv whether thev and others also may not possibly be derived from some intermediate source of tlie nature of a Targum ; or whether, on tlie other hand, the interpretation was merely inHueuced by current Aram, usage. Had an Englishman of to-day to translate Milton's 'silly sheep' into French, he would very probably give the lirst word its modem meaning. In 1 Co \ir^ [Is 25"] n>jS ' for ever ' is translated according to the Aram, meaning of the root eh vTkos ' in victory.' In I Co 2!> [Is 6i'] .irT9 'that waiteth for' IS apparently read as Anim. rnnn 'tliat loveth ' [but see J, a]. It is possible that Mt 2»; ^ shoiUd be traced to some sort of Targuniic in- fluence, or at any rate some current traditional interpretation, with which the evangelist's readers were familiar. In the lirst the words oCSafnHs i\axl<rTr) seem an intentional emphatic denial of the original words fMic a-]. Bethleliem had by the very fact of Messiah's birth become bi/ no means the least. 'Ky€ii6<rii' is eitlier from a variant (see J, a), or at any rate a less literal translation. But the substitution of y? 'lovSa for ' land of Ephratah ' looks like a slip of memory, and suggests that the whole is a bold paraphrase of the evangelist himself (for parallels see G). Mt 2^ is evidently from Is 11' (TiJ ' branch' being from the same root as Xaj'upaios ' Nazarene '), and suggests a tradi- tional interpretation of the passage in this sense. E. Apart from B, C, and D, variations from LXX are due to (a) slips of memory, (b) errors of transcription, (c) literary corrections, (d) exegetind alterations. But it is not always easy to determine Trhich, or in case of (c) and {d) to say how far they were intentional. In quotations from memoi-y, and even in those copied, there is a natural tend- ency to correct, unconsciously, according to famili;ir language and familiar ideas. We should probably be right, when quotations are short, in assigning to (a) verbal changes, considerable perhajis in number, but unimportant in their bearing, as Jn 1^ [Is 40^] (^oc/xdaare t. bbbv "Kvpiov, (Cideias TroteZre t. Tplfiovt T. 6eoO ^/xiv becomes the single phrase tvOvrare t. i>obv Kvplov, which gives the full sense more briefly). Probably HafivXCivot for Aa/idtr/cou in Ac ?■" [Am 5"] is a slip of memory of either St. Steiihen or his reporter, the two captivities bein<j confused (cf. the error about the burial-places of the patriarchs in 7'"). We have a striking example of (i) in He 3' [Ps 95'], where Iv SoKifutaiif. is read for iSoKlnaaav (LXX), tlie error being facilitated by iv T. TrapawiKpaaiuf above (unless it is an error of a very early copyist). Under (c) we should class corrections of Hebraisms and other clumsy con- structions, as Lk 3' [Is 40], where tiBtlav (bOjv) is altered so as to agree with iJoiJs added by St. Luke in the next phrase, and i) rpaxe^a into al r/jaxf^ai- In He 8'» 10"H.Jer 31^] du<ru is omitted so as to give liSovi its |)roper participial construction (cf. Lk S'°). To this head we might also refer rhetorical expan- sions, such as the insertion of X^yei 6 Oe6s or the like in Ac 2" 7», Ro 12"' (in He 10^ spurious) 14", 1 Co 14", 2 Co 6". To (rf) would belong the very frequent changes of person, tense, etc., so as to make the quotation more directly applicable. Thus in 2 Co 6^' [2 S T" "] oiJti^ and oiV6s become wuiK and i/iitU, and vl6v is boldly changed into vious K. Ovyaripai, SO that Nathan's words respecting David's son become a jiromiae of God to Christians (cf. Ac 1'). In Lk 23'" [Ps 31»] the future irapa- 9il<io)iai naturally becomes the present TrapaTW(p.n.i in the mouth of our Lord, and in Mk 14" (Mt 20^') [Zee 13'] the imper. iraTdfart becomes the ind. 1st pers. fut. because the action is referred by Christ to God Himself. Sometimes words are ediled to give a special turn to the quotation, us rby iypof in Mt 27"' [Zee 11"] to refer to the fie'd bought with Judas' uioney (unless this is a variant of Heb. ; see J, a). In lie 10" [Hab 2^] the inser- tion of i converts a Hebraism into a Messianic prophecy. Sometimes words are omitied, and so the quotation gets a more general and dogmatic c'liaracter, as with p-oO in Ko 1", Gal 3" [llab 2] (in He Itf"" it is transposed). Apparently it had already become a common doctrinal formula. In Gal 3'[Dt 21'-^] the omission of Inrd $(ou makes the statement a general principle, or it may be due to reverence (see Liglitfoot, in loc). Still more frequently words were altered. In Gal 4^ [Gn 21'°] the substitution of t. iXtvOepas for pov 'Iffad^ brings out more forcibly the contrast between bomlage and freedom. In 1 Co 3-'° [Ps 94"] the quotation would be far less apjilieable without the correction of avOpiliTTuv into ao(pQiv. St. Paul, no doubt, felt the verse to imply that, however wise men might be, God saw their folly. In Eph 4" [Ps 68'"] f\a/3« . . . ^y dvOpijiTTi^j is boldl}^ altered into ^SutKc . . . r. ayOpiiiroit, the latter being probably regarded as an inference from the former, and tlie statement of V." clearly dejiends upon St. Paul's rendering. With this we might compare Lk 21-" (contrast Mk IS'''), where the manner of fulfilment of Christ's prophecy has been read, but probably unconsciously, into the prophecy itself. Suiiie- times liy abbreviation the words of the original come to be dill'erently applied. Thus in 1 Co 14-' [Is 2S"- '-J the words represented by k. ouS' oOtuis (uTcLKOvaovTai pov are made to refer to other tongues,' etc., Instead of to the refusal to listen to the words of kindness spoken by tiod through the prophet to which the 'other tongues' stand in direct contrast. In Ac 3-^ the phrase Kara ■KavTo, baa is applied quite dill'erentlv from its original in Dt 18'«. In I P S'-" " [Is 8', "], by changing airiv to T. Xpiarbv, the words are applied to those ad- dressed in the Epistle, but the passage is not cited as a quotation. Even supposing that such changes were to a large extent unconscious, there is enough to show that the writers of NT allowed themselves the greatest freedom in their treatment of the language of OT. F. Combined Quotations. — These are far commoner than is often realized, and are of various kinds. Frequently we find several passages strung to- gether consecutively, as Ko S'"""", where there are six separate quotations so combined ; cf. He l'-' etc. In Mk U" (Mt 21'», Lk 19«) a direct quotation from Is oQ' is followed by an allusion to Jer 7". So far had they been from fultilling Isaiah's prophecy, that they were acting in the spirit of Jeremiah's contemporaries. Still more frequently dillercnt quotations are mixed together. Thus in Ko 9^, St. Paul, probably quoting from his recollection of the Heb., mixed together the s.iyings about the stone in Is S''' and in 'J.s'", giving the latter, by so doing, a sense conlranj to tlie ordinal; or the mixture may have been intentional. However precious Christ was to those who believed, He would prove to many merely a rock of stumb- ling. For the somewhat similar couihination of Is 28", Ps 118-^ and Is 8" in 1 P 'i" ' see H, c. More often the combination suggests that the quotation is made from memorj", as Gal 3' from {\t\ 12' 18'», Ac 3^ from Gn 22'" 1'2S, Jn \Vf^ from Ex 12" and I's 34=". The seven words of Jn 6"' seem derived from three distinct sources (l's78'-". Ex 1U"> W), and Ac 13'^ from at least four (Ps 89-», 1 S 17" 13' 'i'"). Very frequently a mere plira.se or even a word is inserted from a similar passage. Thus in Mt 21' in a <iuotation from Zee 9" the opening words etiraTt r. Ovyarpl Siiiv are from Is 62". Curiously enough, in the same quotation St. John (12'''-") begins with pr] <fio;ioO, apparently from Is 40' (Heb.). In Lk 4"'- ''•' [In 186 QUOTATIONS QUOTATIONS 42'- '] diroffTerXm TeSpanaixhovs in dipdaei is ailapted from Is 58«(I>XX). In Ac 3«-«> [Dt 18">- w- "'•'»] ^vxv ■ ■ ■ iio\o6p(v0ri(reTai (k t, Xaou is substituted from Lv 17^ this and similar phrases being common and easily remembered. In Ac 7''' [Gn IS"-"] aXXoT/.;? is from Ex 2-'''. In Ac 7^- ^ [Ex 3'- '■ '■ ■»] arevayfiov is from Ex 2=^. In Ro 11-6-2' [Is SO*-"] Stov d0Au/xat rds afiafrrtas airrHv is slightly altered from Is 27». G. Paraphrastic Quotations (see also D and E, d). — In some cases the language of a passage of OT is merely paraphrased to express some new thought, as in Ro lO''', which is oased upon Dt 30'^"'. Here the original eis r. iripav t. eaXdcaris is changed to els t. ifivaaof, to express the contrast between the descent of Christ in the Incarnation, etc., and His Resurrection, and thus to show that the inward revelation spoken of in Deut. was made possible by Christ and through faith in Him. Certain quot.ations are believed to be merely refer- ences to the general tenor of Scripture, as Jn 7^, which some, on the other hand, regard as a para- phrase of such passages as Is 58^'. Similarly, Eph .i'^ may possibly be a paraphrase of Is 66'- "• -". Some have supposed Ja 4° to be a paraphrase of some such passage as Wis 6"- ", but most com- mentators take the words as a rhetorical question by St. James (as RV). On Mt 2«- ^s see D. H. Indirect Quotations (see also D). — It is quite possible that quotations, even though avowedly from Scripture, were taken directly from some other source. The possibility of that in 1 Co 2' being from some Aram, document has been already suggested under D. It may here be further noticed that the awlcvvardness of the construction, nnsuited to the context, makes it likely that St. Paul is quoting it as he found it ready to hand, not him- self adapting it from the original. It has been thought by some that Eph 5' may be a quotation from some early Christian document, but the words 5i6 \i-/ei make this improbable (see G). It is also remarkable that some quotations are made with the same variants by ditierent writers, or by the same writer t^vice. (a) In some cases the variant may be looked npon as traditional, as the omission of iiou [Hab 2^] in Ro 1", Gal 3", and probably the order of the commandments in Mk lO'^?), 'Ro 13»— adultery, murder, theft— for adultery, theft, murder of Ex 20""- (LXX), or murder, adultery, theft of Dt 5"-i» (LXX) and of both (Hebrew). (6) In other cases the agreement may be a coincidence. Thus Mt 18", 2 Co 13' abbreviate Dt 19'" (LXX) in nearly the same lan- guage. This possibly had become almost a pro- verb, (c) The agreement may point to a variant in Heb., as Ro 9« (10"), or in LXX, as Mk 12^, Ac 7'' (see J, a, 6). (rf) In other cases, again, one writer has presumably copied another. Thus Mt and Lk retain many of the peculiarities of the quotations of Mk. It seems likely also that 1 P 2 •' was influenced by Ro 9*. Both agree (1) in the combination of Is 28" and 8'; (2) in the reading iSoii rtSr/fu (again.st liXX), which can hardly be an independent translation of Heb., hecause, whereas St. Paul's mixed quotation is from Heb. throujrhout (see F), St. Peter, except when he agrees with St. Paul, follows lyXX. The agreement of Ro 12" and He lO" with MT "^ for ay\ cf LXX and Sam. Pent., proves that the writer of Hebrews, who shows otherwise no knowledge of Ileb., must have copied the quotations either from Romans or from some intermediate source. There are no variants of LXX. Still more remark- able is the quotation of Pr 10" in 1 P 4' as com- pared with Ja 5™. In 1 P it is evidently a rather curious and independent rendering of Heb. (Vb being translated oy rX^ffos) ; the LXX is quite different. In James we have obviously a refer- ence to this very translation. If, as is generally Ijelieved, James is earlier than 1 P, botn quota- tions and reference are derived from some othei document, (e) When a writer quotes a passaga twice with the same variant, as in Ro 9' 10", He 8'° 10"" (omission of Siio-u), the most probabla explanation is that he consciously or unconsciously copied his own correction. I. Manner of quotation in different books {or sources) of AT. — (a) Synoptic Tradition. (1) In Mk out of 20 quotations (excluding reference in 12'^), of which all but one are sayings of our Lord, 16 are either exact, or very slightly altered, quota- tions of LXX. Of the remaining four V' is prob- ably an early interpolation into Synoptic tradition, not being in the corresponding place in either Mt or Lk, and breaking the obvious connexion between 1^ and 1' ; Mk V2-^- ^ [Dt 6^- »] is the great v^v, which from its frequent use in devotion was prob- ably known to Greek Jews in its Heb. form, and was hence independently translated ; 14" contains words of Christ which, if quoted as in LXX, would have lost all point ; in 15" we have words of Christ in their original Hebrew, A ramaic form. The following translation, though Influenced by LXX, aims at greater literalness (ei's ri for Iva tI, repeti- tion of /iou, non-addition of the curious vpacrxn iwi). It seems that the writer, while he had re- ceived and retained a few sayings of our Lord as actually uttered, generally used LXX as a matter of course. (2) Mt reproduces all the Synoptic quotations, except the doubtful Mk 1'-'", and very nearly as he finds them, but mth a slight tendency (perhaps unconscious) to assimilate to LXX, Heb., or Aram., as perhaps in 19" (order of LXX in Dt, of LXX and Heb. in Ex and Dt), 22»-' ( + d/u LXX). 22" (eV = Heb. 1 for ii ; Siavoltf, a LXX transl. of 3;^ for /(TxiJos), 22« {KiOov LXX), 21-^ (•Sn(?) Heb. and Aram, for 'n'jx ; n:^ (?) Aram, for Heb. 'i?^). The follo^ving translation is a little less bold, as also the reference to Dt 25' in 22^. (3) Lk out of 19 Synoptic quotations (excluding Mk 1-'', which Lk has in quite a different connexion) omits 8 and treats the rest with greater freedom, chiefly for literary reasons, as 3^" (where the continuation of the quotation increases the rhetorical effect. Sea also E, c). For the same purpose he abridges in gio lo^Jou" 18=» 19'. In the last he, so far only, agrees with Mt. In 10" he apparently combines Mk 12=«- > and Mt 22^', reading (^ . ■ . KapSlas and iv . . . i'vxi, etc., and both i<rxw and Siavotf. 20" is altered so as to agree exactly with LXX. The word Kadov in 20^, though also in Mt, probably comes therefore from the same source. (6) The portions common to Mt and Lk and not to Mk. Quotations are found only in the account of the Temptation (Mt 4- "• •• '», Lk 4- '»• "■ '='• »), and are based in both on LXX. The 1st quotation is exact in Lk, in Mt longer, and part only, that not common with Lk, varies from LXX ; the 2nd is abbreviated in both, but esp. Mt, which omits the whole clause toD 5ia4>v\d^at oe — 65o7s aoO, Lk retaining the first three words. Both split up the quotation into two parts, Mt adding (coi before iwl, Lk Kal 5ti. The third is exact in both. In the fourth both substitute vpooKw-fiacis for <poPri8^<rti. The kind of assimilation thus exhibited, in con- nexion with the difference in the order of the temp- tations, suggests that in both the quotations were taken, not from LXX, but from some other com- mon source, probably preserved by oral tradition. (c) Original quotations of Mt. These exhibit con- siderable variety of character, 3 onlv (27^" is an interpolation from Jn 19-) being derived from LXX, 21" [Ps S''] exactly, where Heb. t'y was inappropriate, or at least ambiguous; 1" [Is 7"] (notice, besides the doubtful irap9(vot, (v yaarpl, 'EfifiavovtiX so spelt) with several alterations, prob- QUOTATIONS (^UOTATlUXS 187 ably tlirou';h fault of memory ; 18" (adds ira» before /"}/») much abridged. Tlie rest are from the Ileb., as 2" 8", though often showing the influence of LXX (see A, </), as 2" 11'° 12»'-' 13» 21°; and often very Kiiigularlv paraphrased, as 2<i 2-3 -JT"- '" (see D ; E, d). {</) Quotatium of a ' Gospel of tlie Infancy ' (originally Aramaic ?). Lk 2^ is, curiously enough, an exact quotation from LXX, thougli from Lv 5", not Lv 12', the passajje actually referred to, and is probabl}' an maert um by St. Luke into the e.arlier translation of an original Aram, docuinent; 1" is a paraphrastic reference to Mai 4°-° 3', based on Heb. (see B) ; 2- depends apparent!}' on a variant of Heb. (see J, n). (e) The Original quotations of Lk, 4" and 23*, are both from LXX ; the first a combination of Is (31'- '' 58°, with a slight change of order and construction, the second with necessary alteration of the text. (/) St. John's Gospd. Quotations are marked by brevity and freedom, with a toiidcncy to attach more importance to mystical and hidden meanings than to the literal sense of the words ; usually from LXX, as lO'-'' 12"', but occasionally from lleb., as 13" liF (see B), in both of which dill'erences between LXX and Heb. are very great ; but often so unlike eitlier as to make it uncertain which the writer had in his mind, as 12"' (ido-oynai LXX, but see J, a). On T* see G. Combined quotations are frequent (see F), as 6" 12"- "> lo'-" [Ps .35'" or G9^ and lOQS] 19'. There are only 4 quotations common to anv of the Synoptists, 1'^ 8" 12" 12^» (iMt 27" is spurious); of these the second and tliird to Mt only. In all there is an independent rendering, and in 12" a difi'erent com- bination, (g) The Acts. Quotations are all from LXX, often quite exact, as in the long quota- tions, 2'-^"^ 2*-^; though dillering greatl}' from Heb., as 7""; sometimes following a different text, as 1 j'"- " (see A, a (1) (2)) ; frequently abbre- viated, as l-'» 3,, -a 7" 1.3" 1.3" IS'"- " ; sometimes expanded, as 2""" (for literary eU'ect), and often combined, a.s 3=» 13" etc. (.see F). On 7', '" see E, a. (h) St. Paul's Epistles. Quotations are usually from LXX, as Ko 9-''"', but knowledge is shown of Heb., as Ho 9" (see B, 6) 10" (lipaioi) 11 12". In Uo, and to a less extent in 1 Co, the quotations from Pent, and Ps are very largely exact from LXX ; those from the prophetical and historical books vary considerably from LXX, are usually free, but often contain elements from Hebrew. It would seem probable that the former are usually copied from LXX, the rest quoted memoriler. In Ko, out of 31 quotations from Pent, and Ps, only 9 are not practically exact, and of those 10°" is a mere paraphrase, and Ko 9" 12" are intentionally taken from Heb. ; out of 22 quotations from hist, and proph. books only 3 are exact. In 1 Co, out of 9 quotations from Pent, and Ps, 4 are exact ; out of 9 from hist, and proph. books, only one. The change of avOpiiiruv to ootpCiv in 3-° [Ps 94"], though dilticult, is prob- ably intentional (see E, (/). The distinction here pointed out is remarkably illustrated in Ko S'"''", where the single quotation from Is (59'-, Pr 1'° is not in LXX) has 2 important variants from LX.X, 6i(h (LXX raxi-voi) and lypujaf (LXX otSauiv), suggesting a memoriter quotation, whereas the 5 ij notations from I's are practically exact from L.\.\. In Ko 3", Ec 7" is combined, by probably a slip of memory, with the phrase oiioi lU from Ps 14' or 53" (licb. L.X.X has ouk (ano fm .Vis). Of the other Uagiograjiha, I'r 25'-'- ^" is quoted from LXX exactly in Ko 12-«, .Job 6" from lleb. in 1 Co 3". For the remarkable quotation in 1 Co 2» see II. In the other Epistles the quota- tions are too few to make any satisfactory general- izations possible. On Eph 4» 5'' see E, d, and G, H. (i) Epistle to the Hebrews. With the excep- tion of Iff" (see H), quotations are all from LXX, very numerous and generally exact, suggesting that variations are eitiier inientional alteration!", as 8'° (10'°) 10^ (see E, c, d), or errors of transcriii- tion, as 3" (see E, b). We have, however, most prob- alily memoriter quotations in 9-", where toOto for i5o0 looks like an unconscious imitation of the words of institution (cf. Mk 14-'' etc.), and 12-", where Srjplov for KTijuos can hardlj' be reg.arded as an in- dependent translation of nr.-^. {j) St. James. Of six possible quotations, three, 2'2'''' 4°, are certainly from LXX, and nearly exact ; 2" may ])ossibly be an independent translation of Heb. ; 5-" is cer- tainly so, but is probably from some intermediate source (see H); 4", if a quotation at all, is from an unknown source (see G). (k) First Ep. of St. Peter. Though quotations are taken partly, but seldom very exactly, from LXX, as 2" 3'"-'-" 3'^- '^ (see E, d), the inlluence of the Heb. is frequently apparent, as I'-"-' [Is 40''''] (aiJrf;? for a.v0pd>Trov of LXX), 2~ [Is 53»] ((vpidr, 5i\os for o6\ov), 4" (where LXX is quite ditl'erent, but see H). 2°-' is prob- ably connected, directly or indirectly, with Ko 9', and proves little (see H). (I) Second Ep. of St. Peter. The only quotation, 2, , is from Heb., nearly every word diiiering from LXX. («i) The Apoealyp.se contains no delinite quotations, but is full of the thoughts and ideas .and even language of OT. This last seems in general to point to Heb. rather than to LXX, as in 1", where (ia^CKdav, Upeis is evidently a translation of O'j-S nr'rcD Ex 19° (LXX has /3a(j-(Xfioi' Uparevixa), V (/ierd, with Aram, of I)n 7'^ for LXX iTl ; oi'ni'fs aurbv iicKiin-riaat', from Zee 12'", for avB' Siv kotu^x ')"■'"''■<', cf. Jn 19"), 1" (suggested by Dn 10°) wliich has no special LXX word. So 11 (cf. Zee 4, ^- '^) 14' [cf. Is 21 '] 14 [cf. .11 3"]. In 6'° we find tlie phra.se jras ooC,\os Kal iXevffepos instead of avvcxipenos k. iyKaraXeXeifi- lUvoi of 1 K 21=' (LXX 20'-'). On the other hand, there are some signs of direct or indirect LXX inllu- ence, as in 2' (irapaSdatp, Gn 2' elc. ) 6' {jiiji\lov, cf. Is 34 LXX) 18- (oaip-ovltj^v, cf. Is 13-' LXX), etc. J. The bearinq of NT quotations on textual criticism. — {a) When a quotation agrees witli Heb. but has a single word or plirase agreeing with LXX, this may have come, not from LX\ itself, but/ro?n a various reading of Heb., followed also by LXX. Thus in Jn 12'" idawnai may point to a variant x;iK for k?";. In Mt 12-' the words It. iv T. dvdfiaTi airrov lOfrj iXirioOai, agreeing exactly with LXX (tliough so ditl'erent from lleb.), whereas all the earlier p.art of the quotation follows a totally dillerent rendering of lleb., m.ay point to iSn;; n")i tor? ; but see A, d. Even wliere a quotation dill'ers more or less from both LXX and Heb. the dilTcrence may have arisen from a various reading of the latter. Tims in Mt 2" rjyep.Ojiv is often referred to a reading ';i'?n ft)r 'S^S (see D). Lk 2- points to a reading nh^n- ijrSp -V for iba-'?; '^-v-Jl: Ito Q^ [Is 28'°] (10") to viz: I'' 'i'' I'C{(^n ^or c'-n; "i' r"t<^C. Even if the in.ser- tion of 'iS is merely a mental error, it shows that St. Paul had the Hebrew in his mind, and therefore got /caraiffxi'f^^o'f'rai, not from hW Karaiaxf'i'&V} but trom aiT, which LXX also reads. Mt 27"' '" nuiv have been based on a text reading is'n n'j hx, witli 590, 108, 251, K 2, K, for njVn ^{( (but see' E, (/), and possibly " ij'ij for " n-g. It is imjiortant also to notice that Mtdoes not support the otherwise probable reading of "lif'm 'treasury' for ij' 'potter.' 1 Co 2" seems originally duo to a dillerence of text, ]ix!i iH'pv for «M.sn li'j 'V?;' , o'n'^N rcy'-j ii for in^tt o^^^t< nyy:, and ^SC^'? for n;nt;'^ (see D) (on Mt 2° see D, and on Mt 12^' see A, d). {h) When a quotation follows LXX almost exactly, hut agrees with lleb. in a word or phrase, it raises the suspicion that it follows a difcrent reading of LA'X, ai in Ac 13" [Is 49"] [riOeiKa for maita of LXX, and 188 RAAMA KAAJISES, KA.MESES omission of (is Si.aOrtKriv yivov^, which is apparently an interpolation from Is 49') ; in Mk 12 '>, Ac 7^'^ (omission of (Iixl ; the ultra-HuUenistic speech of St. Steplien is the last place to .-uspect the inllu- ence of Heb. text). The mere fact of a certain number of MSS of LXX agreeing with a quota- tion is of practically no importance, because they were so frequently altered into agreement with NT quot.ations. We have tlie most striking ex- ample in Ps 14^ (13^ LXX), where the whole cento of iiuotations in Ro 3'' h.as found its way into B and some other .\ISS of LXX, and hence through the Vulg. into the English Prayer-Book Psalter. (c) It is just possible that quotations may throw liglit on questions connected with the text of NT itself, as He 3" ; see E, b. ii. Quotations in NT from the Apocrypha AND PsEUDEPiGR.\PHiCAL Jewish Literature.— These are not cited as Scripture, and with the exception of Jude " [Bk. of Enoch i. 9, tr. by K. H. Charles, Oxford] are not directly cited at all ; but there are several references, such as in Lk 1218-20 (cf Sir 1118.19) 147-10 (cf Sir 139-10), Jn 6" (cf. Sir 24='), Ro 12" (cf. Sir '^), He 1" (Wis 7=) 4'" " (cf. Wis 7, -=»), Ja l'" (Sir 5"). iii. Quotations FROM Pagan Writers.— These are veiy few, and not always easily recognized. Thus that of Ac 17°'' is found both in Aratus, PhcBnom. 5, and in the hymn of Cleanthes to Zeus, 5. The quotation in 1 Co 15^ is mentioned by Lucian, A m. 43, as a saying of Menander from his Thais. The quotation of Tit 1'^ is said by early Christian writers to come from a lost w ork 0/ Epimenides, called wepl xpi7a'"ii>', but is now found in the hymn of Callimachus (an Alexandrian poet 0/ 3rd cent. B.C.) to Zeus, 8. In 1 Co 12'="^ we have probably a reference to the fable of Meneniua Agvippa. But it is very uncertain wliether tlicse quotations, etc., point to a wide knowledge of pagan literature on St. Paul's part, or would not rather from their proverbial character have been generally known \>y men of very moderate culture (see Farrar's Life of St. Paul, vol. i. Exc. iii.). Literature. — Turpie, The OT in the Sew is, in spite of the one-sided aims of the writer and ni.any in.iccuracies. a very use- ful book when used with proper reference to (food critical editions and coniinent.aries, and lias been of great service in writing tliis article. The quotations of OT are taken froui OT in Greek, edited by H. C. Swete, Cambridge, those ol NT usu.illy from the re\ ised text of Greek Test., Oxford. Set also L. Cappellus, Qu^ent. de toe. parall. Vet. et Aoc. Test. 1650 : Surenhusius, "I'CD.i "i£D sive ^.^>.k KxraXkaty^s, 1713 ; Roepe, d« Vet. Teat. Loc in apo.^t. libr. allegatione. 1827 ; Tholuck, Dm All. Tett. i. NTi, 1840 ; Kautzscli, de Vet. Test. loc. a Paulo allegatis, 1863 ; C. Taylor, The Gospel in the Law, 1SC9 ; Monnet, Les citations de Vane. test. d. les ^p. de S. Paul, 1874 ; Bohl, ATCUaU in ST, 1878 ; Toy, Qnxttaliom in the ST, 1884 ; VoUmer, Die AT Citalc Ui Paultui, 1890 ; Johnson, The Quota- tions 0/ the Sew Test, /rum the Old, 1890 ; Dittniar, Vetus Test. in Som, i. 1899 ; cf. also .lowett, St. PauTs Epistles^, 1894, vol. i. 185 fl.; Swete, Introd. to Old Test, in Greek, 1900, p. 381ft.; and Thackeray, St. Paul and Contemp. Jewish Thought, 1900, p. 181 a.; and for special NT books, Allen. ' The OT Quotations in St. .Mark " in Expos. Times, Jan 1901 (xii. 187), and ' The OT Quotations in St. Matthew,' Expos. Times, March 1901 (xii. 281); Lightfoot, Notes on Epistles u/ St. J'aul,yt\>. 170 0., 210 t.; Westcott, Hebrews, p. 67 ft'.; Mayor, James, p. LxLxflE. The subject ifi dealt with in all the MaDuala for BibN- study. V. H. Woods. R RAAMA (Ksp only 1 Ch 1») or RAAMAH (nc!;-!).— Son of Cush and fat her of Sheba (Saba) and Dedan (Gn 10', 1 Ch P), also mentioned by Ezekiel (27") as a trading community hy the side of Sheba. The LXX (in Gn A '?ena^a; in 1 Ch BA 'Feyfii; in Ezk B 'Papid, AQ 'Payij.d) identified the word with Regma, mentioned as a city hy Ptolemy (vi. 7, 14) on the Persian Gulf, whicli is probably identical with Regma, which Steph. Byz. (ed. Westermann, p. 242) describes as a city or a gulf in the Persian Gulf. This latter form of the word (in most MSS practically indistinguishable from the other) may verj' well he Greek, meaning 'breach.' The above identification is accepted hy most authorities, including Glaser {Skizze, ii. 325), who adds, how- ever (p. 2.'i2), that the name is spelt in inscriptions with a jim. It is at present impossible to say whether there is any connexion between tlie place mentioned hy the Greek geographers and the tribe mentioned in Genesis or not. Dillmann thinks Raama may be the Pa^^iai'irai of Strabo (XVI. iv. 24), in S. Arabia, N.W. of Chatramotitce ( = ]}£idTa,- maut ; see IIazarmaveth). D. S. Margoliouth.