Timothy, first epistle to

i. Historical Situation. U. Analysis. tii. Literary Dependence. iv. Situation implied at Ephesus: (a) FalM teaching ; ib) Church organization, T. Authorslxip. vi. Integrity. tU. Value. LiteraturCb i. Historical Situation. — St. Paul had re- cently been with Timothy : either they had been together in Ephesus, or Timothy had come from TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO 769 Ephesus to meet Paul at some point on his journey to Macedonia {cf. the situation of Ac 20" "with 1^). St.

Paul was bound to go forward, but hoped to re- turn shortly : yet he was so much impressed with the dant^erous tendencies of some false teachers at Ephesus. who were tempting the brethren there from walking in 'sober gospel ways,' that he j»ressed Timothy to stay on in order to counteract them. Some time elapsed, Paul may have heard that all was not prospering at Ephesus, possibly through a letter from Timothy himself, or his natural anxiety (cf. 1 Thess.) may have prompted him to MTite.

Timothy was, indeed, a ' genuine son ' ; he had witnessed a good confession in the past, pro- phecies had pointed him out for the Uisk, he had received a special gift for his ministry by the laying on of hands (P^ 4' 6'"); yet he was naturally timid, he was young (4^-), he had fiequent attacks of illness [o^), he might be misled (5' 6") ; St.

Paul's own return might be delayed (3') : so he writes this letter to press his original charge more solemnly on Timothy, to encourage him in his work, to guide him in his teaching and dealing with various classes in the Church, and to regu- late certain points of Church order, which needed or<ranization witliout delay. The central purpose is summed up in 3' Ua eldys rws Set iv olk<^ OeoO dvaarp^tpiaOai.

The subjects are miscellaneous, and no very exact analysis can be expected ; but three points stand out clearly in the structure. (1) Tliere is a rough correspondence between the introductory and the concluding sections ; cf. P'^ with G^'^, l^*-2o ^vith (jn-is. 20. 21^ These form a framework for the central f)art. (2) The central part falls into clearly-marked lalves, and the kernel of the whole Epistle, which divides thi^se halves, is 3'^.

The m3'stery of the Incarnate, Risen, and Ascended Lord is the fact on which Christian life and teachin; is to be based, b\' which the Christian minister is to be inspired. (3) 6'^'^^ is a postscript, which would more naturally have been placed before or after 6^ ^, but which was added as an after-thought, perhaps drst suggested as needing treatment by 6^***. ii. Analysis.— 11 a. Greeting. IntTOdwtory, iSao.

(a) Kcminder of the purpose for which llniotby was left at Kphcsus 0-), descripiion of the false teaching as specu- lative rather than mlniBtering to the spiritual life(-i-i'), u ignorantly taught by teachers who lay stress on law (••7) without knowing the true purpose of Law and its relation to the gospel (•).

(6) Personal expression of Paxil's own gratitude to Christ Jesua, who had entrusted him with the ministry in spite of his post sin, as a proof of God's long-suflering and as an encouragement to others, for the gospel is summed up in the/ai7A/ui sai/iTio, Xfurrit 'In^oZi v-Ci iiV TO tuffLUt etfxaeriXei't irwrxi (^*-l^.

(This section is not only a personal digression called out by the thought of God's mercy to himself, but is intended to point Timothy to the same source of strength for his task (itivafjM' rcriri. cf. II 21). an<l to fix his mind on the central message of the g>'>:^el as a gospel of salvation from sin (cf. ^ and l^)).

(c) Reiteration of the charge to Timothy, and enforcement of it by (1) a reminder of the paat prophecies about him (ih); (2) a warning drawD from the fate of two falflcteacheniOS 30). Formal ad<c£, 2i-(fl. A. iJeneral, 2i-4. B. Personal, 4tt-6>. 4- Gerurai regulatuma of Church L>/e. 1 The proper scope of Public Prayer. — This is to in- clude ail mankind, and specially rulers, that Chris- tians may live a quiet life (2'- '-').

This is baaed on God's desire to save all men (•• ■), which itself rests on (1) the unity of God i^); (2) the nature of Christ •"•presenting both fJod and man (ib.); (3) the con- scious pur]>09e of Christ's death, who died for all, an'l commiRbioned Paul to teach this truth (•'')■ II. The jhisUion o/ men and xroinen at Public Prayer. — Men are to lead the jirayers (") ; Wnm<n to dress modestly and avoid ostentation (^"'), to listen in silence and subjection 0*-'^.

This is based on the order of creation (i^\ and woman's action at the Fall ('). Yet woman ^o will share the ChristiaD salvation, if she abide ui ▼OL. l" —49 a Christian life, for t\ie faithful aaying declares rtt8r,Cl7Ct.t Zlix. Tr.f TlX*»y9tieC{ (^^). UL Rules for the choice of ministerg. (1) For the irio-xarot.

His position is one of honour and of work (3^), hence he must be tested as to hia private character (2- 3); as to his power of ruling his own family well (■ fi) ; he must not be a new convert (»>, he must have won the respect of the heathen world (?) (2) For h«K6toi : their private character miist be tested C-*), and their relation to their own family (''-). For their otlice, too, may be one of honour, and will raise their status in Christ's sight ('). (8) For yv*cc7x(i.

They too, if in any official position, must have a high character (l^). The pnrpoee of all these regulations is to secure a right moral Hfe and intercourse in Gods family, because it is His Church, and the upholder of the Truth. This truth is summed up In Uie well-known hymn about Christ — Warning.

— Yet there are symptoms of false teaching, that will contradict this great tnith, depreciating marriage and food, though they are God's creatures, Gods gifts, capable of sancti- fication, ii received with prayer and thanksgiving (41-^)^ [This section forms the transition from A to B. It stands in contrast to S'^J (4^ hi), but leads on to 4^ (T«i/T«)]. B. Personal axivice to Timothy. (a) With regard to his own teaching and eofufti^.

— He is to be loyal to these truths CJ), to avoid foolish fables Q), to exenMse a true asceticism, such as will produce true holiness — for holiness, according to the faithful saying, iwecyyiXia iri Z^it ryji *u» xai T^f ^./^>»:(, — and any effort is worth while, for our hope rests on a God of life, a Saviour of all mankind (.

*>■")■ He is to assert himself, in spite of his youth; to be a model of Christian character ; to attend to public reading, exhortation, teaching: to remember the gift given him for his task, and to throw his whole heart into his work (^2-18). (6) For his dialings with various classes of people. 1. Men, old and young (5i)- —2. Women, old and young {■-). — 3.

Widows, who are to be supported by the Church, only if their own families cannot do 80 (^ and ), who are to lead a religious life of prayer (- 6). There is to be kept a list of widows above tkj years of age, of good character; but younger widows are not to be enrolled upon it, but are to be encouraged to marry O'O). — i. Presbt/ters: the hard-working are to he rewarded (}^• i") : the sinful to be formally tried and punished impar- tially (1&-21) ; he must not ordain ('?

remit penalties) h;isiily, lest he should be entangled in the sins of others (22) ; but he must keep himself j>ure, though this need not imply total abstinence i'^'), and he will need caution in judgment, whether for praise or blame ('^- '^). — 5. Sla cfn, whether under heathen or Christian masters (6i- 2). Conclution.

(o) Further denunciation of the false teachers, as con- ceited, ignorant, excited about questions which only produce envy and strife, striving to make money, knowing nothing of true Christian con- tent, but ruining themselves through the desire of gain (3-^0 = 13-10).

(6) Solemn appeal to Timothy to avoid such teaching : to aim at spiritual qualities, to lay hold of eternal life, remembering his past confession ; and to hold fast Paul's commauduient with the thought ol the future appearance of the Lord (11-14= ll», 0), Doxolo^y (iO- 16). Postscript.— I\irther advice as to the t«&ching which Timothy is to give to the rich O"^-^^).

Knal ai'pcal to Timothy to guard the deposit and to avoid false claims to knowledge (30- 21), Salutation, This analysis will have shown that the primary interest is ethical and spiritual.

Moralitj, Salva- tion, Truth are the keynotes ; the Church worsliip and Church ministries are to minister ro them, Tlie kernel is the great h^ran of 3", but each section has some great doctrinal statement or some faithful saying einhedded in it, which loads up to or away from that climax (liai>-«2iM-8-"6«). The Knistle is full of the thought of the Salvation of all mankind, tlie consecration of all Creation.

At the same time it is personal throughout ; and it is hard to hulieve that it was intended to be read out as it stands, in public ; though a greeting to the whole Church is added (0'-'), and though the sub- stance of the teaching was meant to be conveyed 770 XmOTHT, FIRST EPISTLE TO TBIOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO to the Church (4" 5' 6°- "), and though certain sections (2'"" 3'"" 5'"'") are necessarily of a general kind.

In these it is hard to feel sure whether the writer has only the local needs of Ephesus in his mind, or whether he was consciously framing roles whicli would he of universal application and obligation (cf. 1 Co 7").

The phrase iv iravrl rbirif (2') favours the latter view ; so perhaps does the use of iKKXriala in 3" ; and some of tne rules deal with such essential doctrines or points of morality that the WTiter may have regarded them as ijiso facto binding on every one : hut his primary thought was probably only for the church or churches of which Timothy was in charge. iii. Literary Dependence. — The OT is quoted as authoritative only once, 5''=Dt 25* (cf.

1 Co 9*) ; but its language is consciously adapted or its history appealed to in — 2"' = Gn2»(cf. 1 Coll»). 2"=Gn3»(cf. 2Coll>). 4< =Gn 1". 5» =Ps4«(?){cf. 1 P3»). 5"=Dt 19" (cf. 2 Co 13'). & =Is52»(cf. Ro2"). It will be noticed that nearly every passage had been used in earlier Pauline Epistles. In 2"- " we liave perhaps a later Jewish adapta- tion of the OT history.

A Christian rhythmical hymn is quoted in 3' ; Christian sayings in 1'° glij;) 4»(;) (Tioris o \1i70t) ; Christian prophecy in 4' (cf. 1" 4") ; liturgicai doxologies are used, which had probably passed from Jewish into Christian worship, in 1" 6"- " ; traces of a creed seem to underlie 6'; and Greek proverbial say- ings, 1» (?) 4* 6'. With regard to writings of the NT, there are interesting parallels with the Gospels, especially with St.

Luke, which in 5'* may possibly be treated as ' Scripture ' on a level with the Ol" ; but none of the other parallels give the impression of literary quotation, so that it is probably not so here. Cf. 2« Avith Mk 10«. 48 „ Lk 18». o ,, ,, z . C » >• 10' (where Luke agrees verbally with 1 Tim., but Matt, ditters). 5" „ „ S''. gi7-» 2220- a. There are striking points of contact with 1 Peter ; cf.

2»-" with 2 P 3'-», 3" with 1 P 3'«-*', 5" with 1 P 3" ; but it is not clear whether they do (so von Soden) or do not (so JUlicher) imply literary acquaintance : if they do, the priority seems to be clearly on the side of 1 Timothy. On the other hand, ' an intimate acquaintance with the Pauline letters must be assumed on the part of the writer ' (Jiilicher). There are certainly conscious parallels with Romans and 1 and 2 Corinthians. Cf. 1' with Ro 16=«. 1" with 1 Co 1'^ 15". 1» „ „ 13».

2"" „ „ ni=>14". 1" „ „ 7'«. 4« „ „ 10». 1» „ „ 13>«. 4» „ „ 9^(?) 1" „ „ 16M. 5>» „ „ 9». 2» „ „ 3«. 5" „ „ 9". 2' „ „ 9>. 1" „ 2 Co 4«. The likeness culminates in the relation to Titus and 2 Tiniotl-,y. Cf. 1' "'• » with Tit 1». 1" with 2 Ti 1». at 014 07 111 > »i »» ^ • > »» II ^ • 93-4 18-8 VI OM O 11 ,, 1 . o „ ,,, . ^U fllB ^1 01 t ,, ,, M . » II II ' • Aa OTudU A\ 16 II If ^ • II II ' • kU 111 r,ll t? U fl ,, 1 . O 11 II *J • 6» „ „ 2». 5" „ „ 4'. 6' „ „ 2». 6" „ „ 2-=. 6" ,1 ..

2". 6" .. „ 4'. The parallels with Romans and 1 and 2 Cor. ars explicable eitlier as deliberate adaptations by some later writer or as the reiterations of the same thought by Paul himself. Those with 2 Tim. and Titus are stronger, and either point to nearly con- temporary composition by one writer or to a deliberate adaptation. It lias been held by von Soden (Hdcom. p. 154), Motlatt (Historical NT, p. 560), McGitlert (Apost. Age, p. 413), that 1 Tim.

u the latest of the three, and based on 2 Tim. and Titus ; but a mere comparison of style does not indicate any priority as between 1 Tim. and Titus, and favours the priority of 1 Tim. to 2 Timothy. The other points of difference — fuller organization in 1 Tim., fuller description of the false teachers, etc. — are as explicable by the difference of circum- stances in each place as by a diH'erence of date. iv. Situation implied at Ephesus.— (a) Tht False Teachers.

— The primary purpose of the letter is to remind Timothy of the charge given to him to check certain false teachers ; but, as he is assumed to know them, they are described in such general terms that it is dithcult for us to identify them. It is not, indeed, necessary to assume that all the descriptions apply to one set ; Ephesus supplied a great variety of forms of religion, heathen, Jewish, and Christian (Ac 19) : and 4''' (cf.

Tit 1", 2 Ti 3') perhaps implies a separate development in the future ; yet the probability is in favour of one main tendency. The teachers were prominent in the Church (1") : they may have held olHce [cf. the stress on the discipline over presbyters (5**"^), and the need of more care- ful choice of ministers (3'"")] : two of them had already been 'handed over to Satan' (l'") : and they may have attempted to attack St.

Paul's own apostleship (I' 2' 1 ^7) ^Xao-^ij^"")- They are untrue to the central Christian temper (1"), they do not listen to the dictates of their own con- science (1' 4'), are ignorant (1'), influenced by the desire of making gain out of their religion (6""), living in a state of feverish excitement (6^ vosuv), suggesting curious disputations and investigations which are 'other' than the deposit (P 6'), and producing an atmosphere of strife, jealousy, and suspicion (6*).

In the substance of their teaching a few details emerge. (1) They claimed to be 'teachers of law' (!') : misinterpreting the OT in some way for purposes other than those for which it was intended (cf. 2 Ti 316. 17) . possibly depreciating law in an antinomian spirit, so that the writer has to insist on its real value (l**'") : or, more probably, exaggerating its value, so that he has to point out its limitations, as intended only for diiicoi (ib.)

(2) They laid stress on ^Ctfoi koI 7e>'eaXo7lcu (1* 4'). The reference of this is also ambiguous. The words would be applicable to the speculative theories of Gnosticism, with its legends about the creation of the world and the relationships of the various a;ons which separated God from matter ; and the Christian ^Titers of the 2nd cent, con- stantly made this application (Irena?us, adv. Hcer. Pricf. ; Tertullian, e. Valent. 3, de Anima, 18, de Praiscriptione, 33, adv. Marcionem, i.

9 ; JEpi- phanius, Hwr. 33. 8). Rut the context connects them •n-ith teaching about the Law (1') : Titus speaks of 'lovSaixoi iiv9oi {V*), and connects 7c>'eaXo7iai with /idxa< fOfUKOi (3') ; and Ignatius (arf Magn. 8) uses exactly similar language of the Judaizers of his day.

Thejir are therefore Jewish in origin, and were probably speculations based upon the legendarj' history of tlie patriarchs and their descendants, akin to the Jewish Haggadoth, and illustrated by the Book of Enoch, the Book of Jubilees, and the treatise on Biblical Antiquities attributed to Pliilo [cf. Hort, Judaistic Christianity, pp. 130-146].

The TIMOTHY, FIEST EPISTLE TO TBIOTIIY, FIKST EPISTLE TO 771 referenc to Jannes and Jambres (2 Ti 3'-) -n-ill thou be a balf-ironical ad hominem illustration from one of tlieir own favourite myths. (3) They laid a special claim to knowledge {&"). This ajraiu would have a iicculiar applicability to any form of Gnosticism, and it is so applied by Heuesippus ap. Euseb. iii. 32 ; but it is equally applicable to the Kabbinic claim to special know- letlge (Lk 11", Jn 7*", Ko 2=»).

The word d^-ritft^is in 6 offers an easy sui,';,'estion to tlie ivTiBiadt, 'Contradictions between OT and NT,' of Marcion ; but such an allusion is inconsistent with the stress on .(ewisli law (of. 2), and imijossible in date, unless the verse be a subsequent interpolation. It may either refer to ' Kival theses,' i.e. con- flicting deci^ion3 of the Jewish Kabbis on the application of the Law, the Jewish Halakha, the tradition of the elders' (so Hort, I.e.)

; or it may be translated 'oppositions' (cf. 2 Ti 2^), and if so, gives no clue to the nature of the opposition. (4) They taught a false ascctkism, prohibiting marriage, requiring abstinence from certain foods (4'"), and perhaps from wine (5^), and that on the ground that matter was evil (4'- », cf. 4'- 6"). This particular teaching is ascribed to Soi/ii"", and so probably came from a heathen source ; and it is quoted as a prophecy of the future, and so is per- haps separable from the rest.

IJut the writer is probably quoting a, past prophecy as being fullilled in the present, and it is placed in close connexion with the 'myths' (4'). This teaching, again, is exactly parallel to the teaching of later Gnostics (of. Clem. Alex. Strom, iii. 3 ; Tert. adv. Mareionem, I. 14 ; Irenajus, Hcer. i. 2«) ; but it may equally have ari.sen from an exa;;geration of the Jewish law, with a mixture of Oriental speculation, coming perliaps through Essenism (cf. 1 Co 7 and 8, Ro 14, Col '2, He 13).

It is perhaps legitimate to read allusions to the false teachers in the regulations of clis. 2. 3, which follow so directly upon the w aming against llieni. If 80, their teaching was characterized by an ex- clusiveness, limiting God's universal salvation, whether from a Gnostic or a Jewish standpoint, and perhaps denying the salvation of women ; perhaps also by a low standard of morals.

The main tendency, then, is that of a Rabbinic speculative Judaism, playing with historical legends and casuistry, and coloured by an asceti- cism borrowed from some heathen source, perhaps through Essenism (cf. Lightfoot, Col. ' On the Colossian Heresy,' liiblical Essays, xL, Ignatius, I pp. 359-374). (6) Organization of the Church. — The Church forms one organized community, described as God's family (3"- "), an 'ecclesia' of a God of life (t6.)

: its members are ol dScXtpol {4"), ol narol (4'- 6" 6-), 47101 (5'"). They meet fur common worship, and apjiarcntly up to the time of tliis letter men and women alike had been wont to teach and to lead the prayers, but the writer limits this right to the men (2"'^). At the worship there are reading, exhortation, and teaching (4"), prayers, interces- sions, thanksgivings (2' 5°).

Over this body the apostle is supreme : he hands over offenders to Satan {rap^SuKa, 1" ; but this would not necessarily exclude the co-operation of the Church, as in 1 Co 5*) ; his exhortations (2') and wishes (2") are authori- tative ; the true teaching is the gospel, which has been entrusted to him (1" 2').

Tunothv is his delegate, ' the instrument of an absent rattier than a wiuldcr of inherent authority' (Moberly), com- missioned to ordain ministers (though the whole community would have a voice in the choice of them, cf. 3-'°'""), to exercise discipline over them, to regulate worship, to control teaching, and hand on the traditions of the apostle.

His exact status U not clear : he may have been a temporary dele- gate for a special work, as he had been before to Corinth (1 Co 4'^"") and Philippi (I'h 2'"), and as Titus had been twice or thrice to Corinth (2 Co 7 and 8) ; or he niay have been permanently set aiiart as St.

Paul's delegate for the liigher func- tions of ministerial work, unlimited by any local sphere, but sent from time to time to various places ; or, a<,'ain, he may have received a per- manent commission to represent the apostle and a permanent localization at Ephesus, or possibly throughout Asia Minor. Either view is tenable, but the lirst springs most naturally out of the language of 1' 4'*. It is aJ.so uncertain whether he had received special ordination for this task.

He had received a special gift, given bj' laying on of the hands of the presbyters, and prophecies had led Paul to choose him (1' 4"); but the reference may be either to consecration for this ^iece of work, or to foniial ordination when he hrst became Paul's helper (Ac IG'"). His position seems to be that of a vicar apostolic rather than of a localized bishop, though it is the germ out of which the later local- ized and monarchical episcopate developed.

The more permanent ministry under Timothy is assumed to be already in existence. There are no directions to establish any new oliice, unless it be that of the church-widows, but only to regulate and spiritualize those that exist. These are — (1) The iirldKoiroi.

He occupies a prominent position in the ej'es of the Churen and the heathen world ; he must have high moral qualihcations : from these it may be inferred that his duties wUl be to entertain travelling brethren (^iX6Jei'os), to teach (SiSaxTiKit), perhaps to control the finances (itpiXaptyvpoi), to preside and care for the Church {irpoaTTjvai., iirificXiuTdai}. (2) Trpe<r/3i>Te/3oi, who are formally ordained (?)

for the position (5, ), who also preside [irpoeaTun-fs), who also preach and teach {iv X(57<fi xal iiSaaKaXlg.), who receive maintenance in retvim for their work, and who are under Timothy's disciijline. (There is not, as often assumed, a contrast in 5" between teaching and non-teaching presbyters, but only between those who take pains witn their teaching and those who do not). Are these two different orders of ministers, or only two names for one order ?

This question, too, cannot be positively answered. Tlic fact that rpur^uTtfioi are not mentioru-d in ch. 3; that the irrtffwfn: is not mentioned in ch. 6 ; that tlie same functions of presidin^r and teaching are attributed to both ; the vrima Jade meaTiinj; of Tit 1", of. Ac 20i'''-»,— tljese favour the Identiflcation of tlie two.

On tile other liand, the constant use of the ein^lar iwirH4frof and of tlie plural w^nriiiTtfoit and the usa^e of the 2nd cent, favour the separation, and It^ave it a teiiaUe view that out of the many presbyters one i)iKliop was already chosen at Ephesus in order to preside over the whole and to represent them to the outer world. (3) SidKoyM. Subordinate officers, whose char- acter has to be tested before the wliole com- munity before they enter on oHice.

Their duties are not defined ; out they perhaps liave to ad- minister the finances under the iTltKoirot {p.^ oi^x/'OKepStit), and to teach, as a successful dia- conate gives them boldness of speech. After their diaconate they may perhaps hope to rise to a higher position {(iaeiiis) in the Church (3a-io. u. 131 (4) yvfa^Ket are also mentioned in the official ministry, between two sections dealing with dcixofoi : i.e.

probably ' women wlio are deacons,' deaconesses ; Init jiossibly only ' wives of deacons.' A high character is required of them, but their duties are not defined. (5) xw<"- The regulations for widows are de- scribed at fuller length, and give the impression that the writer is introducing a fresh organization in this case.

There is probably a distinction ta be drawn between lonely widows who are the 772 TIMOTHY, FIKST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO objects of charity, and who devote their time to prayei (5*''), and active widows who are church workers, whose names are entered on a cliurcli list, after careful examination of their antecedents (59. loj 'I'lm distinction is not, however, clearly marked. See also art. Widow. [Cf. Gore, The Church and tlie Ministry, ch. v.; Moberly, Ministerial Priesthuocl, ch.

v. ; Hort, Christian Ecdcsia, chs. xi. xii.; J. H. Bernard in Camh. Gr. Test. pp. Ivi-lxxiv ; Weiss, § 4 ; Zahn, Einl. i. 459-466]. V. Authorship.— Tlie Epistle claims to be by St. Paul, and is directly attributed to liim by Irena-us (Pra^f. II. \iv. 7, IV. xvi. 3), Tertulli.m (rfe Prcesnr. c. 25), Clement Alex. {Strom, ii. p. 457, iii. p. 534), and the Muratorian Canon ; it was included in tlie Latin and Syriac versions, and this implies an acceptance of its Pauline claim.

It was known to Marcion (c. 140) ; there are many parallels to its regulations in the earliest documents that underlie the Apostolic Constitu- tions (cf. Harnack, TU II. v. pp. 50-52, or Chron. i. p. 483) : these may be due to independent treat- ment of some earlier list of regulations, but the more prob. view is that the Apost. Const, give a later and fuller adaptation of 1 Timothy ; and there are parallelisms to its language in the Epistle of Vienne and Lyons (Eus. v. 1), Hege- sippus (Eus.

iii. 22), Justin Martyr {Dial. vii. 1", XXXV. 3 {?)), and above all in Polycarp (cc. 4. 5. 8. 9. 12), Ignatius {ad Trail., Inscr. ad Magji. 8, adPnlijc. 3), and Clement of Rome (7. 21. 54. 61), which make it probable that it was known to all these writers, and well known in Asia Minor before A.D. 115, and perhaps at Rome before A.D. 95. For an instructive comparison of the Pastoral Epistles with Ignatius, cf. von der Goltz in TU iLlI. iii. pp. 107-118, 186-194.

On the other hand, it was rejected with 2 Tim. by Tatian (Jerome, Prol. ad Titum), by ' certain heretics' (Clem. Alex. Strom, ii. 11), and with both 2 Tim. and Titus by Marcion (Tertull. adv. Marcionem, v. 21) and Basilides (Jerome, I.e.) TertuUian implies that the reason of the rejection was that they were private letters ; but it may have been due to a dislike of their teaching, or, if thej' were not Pauline, to a real knowledge of their origin.

Tlie external evidence is as strong in church writers as for any Epistle ; but it is met by a persistent rejection ou the part of some heretics. The internal evidence permits two alternatives.

Either the author is Paul, or he is some later writer anxious to support Christian morality and orthodox teaching against glowing heretical ten- dencies, and for tliis purpose composing the letter, possibly with the help of some genuine Pauline fragments, and certainly with a deliberate use of the Pauline letters. In deciding between these two alternatives it ia not pos.sible to appeal to points of similarity with Pauline language or with St.

Paul's character, as they are assumed on both sides ; on the other hand, dill'erences from the known facts of St. Paul's life are as much an argument against the second alternative as against the tirst. (1) The historical situation cannot be fitted into the account of St. Paul's life in the Acts. This is true in spite of recent attempts to place it at the time of Ac 20^ (Bartlct, Apostolic Age, pp.

17'J- 182, 511-515; Bowen, The Dates of the I'listural Epistles, London, 1900) ; yet the Acts is incomplete even over the ground which it traverses, e.g. it makes no mention of the intricate circumstances coimected with the mission of Titus to Corinth, i.e. it helps us to understand 2 Cor. as little as this Epistle. Further, it confessedly ends before the death of St. Paul. There are other grounds for believing in a release of St. Paul after Ac 28 (cf. art.

Paul), and the situation implied here may easily fall in the interval between that re- lease and his deatli, about the same time as Titus but before 2 Tim., as this Epistle gives no trace of the danger of persecution. (2) The style is unlike St. Paul's more argu- mentative passages, but it resembles that of the more practical sections of the earlier Epistles, e.g. 1 Th 5, Ro 12-16, 1 Co 16, 2 Co 8. 9.

The general structure, the quick passage from practice to doctrinal basis, the personal interludes (1'* 2'), the frequent repetition of a word and its cognate forms {irhns, V^'" ; ttos, 2'-'; ttXoStos, 6"- '«), the fondness for sharp antithesis (5' 5" 6' 6"), the use of the language of the OT and of Greek proverbs, are subtle points that miglit escajie an imitator. But two points of difficulty remain. (a) The vocabulary is largely dillerent.

The averajre of a;rat Xiybfud/a is one for every verse and a lialf : a large group of words (34 in the three Pastoral Letters) is not found elsewliere in St. Paul, but is found in St. Luke's writings ; and many cliar- acteristically Pauline words are absent (cf. Holtz- mann, Einl. pp. 318, 319, Past. Brief e, p. 100; W. H. Simcox in Expositor, 1888, p. 180). But the argument from the mere use of words la always precarious (cf. an illustration from Shakes- peare in the Expos.

Times, June 1896, p. 418, and from Dante in Butler's ' Paradise,' p. xi) ; St. Paul's language elsewhere shows great variation, even within the compass of one letter (cf. 2 Co 8. 9 with 10-13) ; the proportion of fin-a^ Xcydfieva is — 1 for 1 '55 verses in the Past. Epp. ; 1 „ 3-66 „ „ 2 Cor. ; 1 „ 5-53 „ „ 1 Cor. ; hence the dift'erence between 2 Cor. and 1 Cor. is as great as that between the Past. Epp. and 2 Cor. (Kblling ap. Weiss, p. 51). Within the Pastorals 72 words are found in 1 Tim.

only, 44 in 2 Tim. only, 26 in Titus ; 10 are peculiar to 1 Tim. and Titus ; 8 to 1 and 2 Tim. ; 3 to 2 'Tim. and Titus. (j0A(/ios, (vai^ua, Sii^oKoi as adjective, are common to the tliree, and they all have some word cognate to (TuKppuiv, and the phrases Tnariis 6 X670S, iiriyvuns d\7}$€ias, Tj iryiaivovaa SiSatr^aXia, 6 vvv alun'. There is no word which is of clearly later date : many of the dillerences arise from ditl'erence of subject, esp.

in 2'"' 5'"'^ where they are most frequent ; some occur in phrases which seem to be quotations (see above). Many are words common in the Greek of the Apocrj'pha (cf. the instances from 2 Mac. in Camb. Gr. 'Test. p. xxxix). Some few are Latinisms (x"/'"' ^X"" ^'rpi>cpi^la), due perhaps to residence in Rome ; others are medical metaphors (iTiaixeii-, foddf), due perli.aps to intimacy with St.

Luke; while it is difficult to estimate how far the mere wording of a letter was due to the amanuensis employed. [Tlie question of the vocabulary is carefully treated in Findlay's Appendix to Sabatier, The Apostle Paul]. (0) But many of the phrases seem technical and stereotyped: 'IrjaoiJs 7) Airls ijiJ.u>i' (1'; notice the advance on Col 1-'), i) vapayyeMa (1'), ^ iiyiaivovaa SiOaaKoKla {V), Truxrds i \6yos {V etc.), ttjv KoXi;» aTpaTilav, tt)i> Trlariv (1"), A auiTrip 7)p.

wv Seis (2'), t6 impTvpiov KatpoU ISlois (2"), i] TfKvofovia (?) (2'°), to li.iaTT)pLOi> T^s iriffTeois (3"), t6 rrit euffe/Sflas fnVTi'jpioii (3"^), 71 KaXT) aiSoff/caXio (4'), i] SidaanaMa (6'), ij (iitpyeala (?) (6"), i) ivroXij {&), i) vapaBiiKri (6'-") ; there is an articiilated fixity about them which seems to mark a late date, and to be unlike the freshness of the earlier style.

This, again, Ls true ; but the date on any hypothesis is later, the diction is that of ' the old man ' less ' eloquent,' and he is writing to an intimate companion, so tliat his language may naturallj have somewhat of an esoteric stamp. TIMOTHY, FIEST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO 773 (3) The tone of the religious life implied shows a similar development.

It is in all essentials Pauline ; for it consists of life eternal, won bv Christ's death, which has brought salvation to all mankind ; and this life must show itself by a high Christian morality, and be ready to lace the appearance of Jesus Christ. But there is more stress on the value of law ; on the need of good works, or attractive works, icaXi f/j-yo (4 times in 1 Tim., Sin Tit., elsewhere not in St. Paul); religion is described as el/ti^cta (8 times in 1 Tim., once in 2 Tim. and Tit.

, not elsewhere) or dcoai^na. (1 Ti 2'° onlj') ; the favourite qualities are those of a sober, orderly loyalty. Yet each point could be illustrated from St. Paul (1 Co 6-, Ro 3»' V-, Gal 1» 5"- -• =», Eph 2'»), and there is a nnifurm tendency in the earlier Epistles to pass onward from the strain of the first conversion to the quiet ordered after-life, and to bring every sphere of human relationship under the control of Cliri tian discipline (cf. \V. Lock, St. Paul, the Master Builder, ch. 4).

(4) So, too, with regard to Church organization. There are more details of it, and more stress upon it ; yet the details can be paralleled elsewhere : cf. Ac I4-' 21", Ja S" (irpecr^iVepo.), Ac 20-«, Ph 1' {iTrtffKoiroi), Ph 1' (Jid/covoi), Ro 16' (deaconess), Ac 6' 9", 1 Co 7 (x'opol')- St. Paul organized some ministry from the first (1 Th S"*, 1 Co 12=8) .

jjig influence from the first had been used to check the irregular utterances of the spirit and to lay greater stress on the ordered ministry (1 Co 12-14) ; and the further stress upon it is natural with the lapse of time bringing new developments of false teach- ing and the prospect of his own death.

The prominence of prophecy, the uncertainty about the exact status of Timothy, about tlie presence of a monarchical episcopate, about the aistinction between ^rriir/toTros and Trpax^irepo^, tlie need 3f regulation of public speaking by women, all favour a date considerably earlier than the Ignatian letters.

Certainly the letter gives the impression of a Church well established ; the functions of the various ministers are implied as already fixed, the iTTiuKOTri) is an object of desire (3'), Timothy can choose between novices and older members of the Church (3"), the Church widow must be of 60 years of age (5"), there has been sad experience of the falling away of Christian widows (5'^ "') ; but none of these points carry us beyond the possible con- ditions of a flourishing community in a large city which may have been established at least ten years, at a time of quick develoiiment such as is stamped on every page of the NT.

The advice of 5" is inconsistent with that of 1 Co 7", but there the advice is confessedly a counsel of perfection (cf. v."), and given in face of a special necessity. A comparison with other documents connected with Ejiliesus, e.g. Ac 20"''', esp. ', the Prologue of St. John (with the stress on God's creation of all things (cf. 4-'), of the manifestation of Christ in flesh (cf. 3"), of the contrast between the Law and grace and truth and glory (cf. l*"")), and with the Lp. to Eph.

(with its stress on the Ascended Lord as the source of spiritual strength, on the importance of the ministry, of the Ch\irch, of familj' life, its wit- ness to the growth of Christian p.salms and hymns), shows that the writer knows the conditions of Ejihesns in the Ist century.

(5) The teaching of the false teachers has been shown to be compatible with the Pauline author- ship, and it may ue added that the very vagueness of it suits an earlier rather than a later date, while the absence of any certain or probable allusion to Docetism, which was the prevalent dan^'er in Ephesus and ita neighbourhood at the tune of 1 John and of the Ignatian letters, is in favour of placing this Epistle hefore those. (U) Some critics feel an artificiality in the situa- tion implied.

Paul is about to return shortly, yet troubles to write on points like those of 2'-3", which could afl'ord to wait ; yet the circumstances of the writing of 1 Cor. and 1 Thcss. (1 Co 4'», 1 Th 3") are exactly analogous.

Again, Timothy is placed in a position of very great importance, yet is distrusted as young, liable to be weak, and to be misled ; but thi^ corresponds to the little we know of Timothy's character elsewhere, and it is probable that he had failed to deal with a crisis at Corinth (cf. Timothy) : and both these are objec- tions to any unity of authorship ; indeed, if any- thing, it is more probable that St.

Paul should have spoken thus in a private letter to Timothy, than tliat a later writer, who was ex hypothesi using Timothy as a type of an important official, treated as being the recipient of important instruc- tions, sliould have thus weakened his character. The conclusion is diftieult. The Epistle marks at all points an advance on the earlier Epp. of St. Paul.

In style, in organization, in stereotyped fixity of teaching, in the character of the teachers opposed, there are marked dill'erences. On the other liand, in all these points it also otters marked differences from any writings of the 2nd cent. It falls within a period in which we have little to guide us. ' The secularization of Christianity is in full swing' (Jiilicher), but there were the begin- nings of this in I Cor.

and Ephesians, 'I'he writer is a type of a time when the ethical voice of a noble Hellenism and the Roman instinct for organization are uniting themselves with the Chris- tianity which had sprung as religion out of Judaism, in order to build up the old-catholic Church ' (von Soden); but such incorporation of Greek and Ruiiian thought had taken place in Pauls time, and was mainly due to his genius.

It is Pauline in claim ; admittedly Pauline in central doctrine ; ' their author was an adherent of the apostle's who reproduced his master's ideas' (Moll'att, I.e. p. 561). Ue has an intimate acquaintance with the Pauline letters: the letter was accepted as Pauline by those who most represented Paul's teaching.

Whether we can take the further step and assert that it is Paul's own work, depends upon the question whether the stress on organization, authority, teaching, loyalty, can fall within his lifetime ; and whether he was one who could forget the controversies of the past and devote himself in the face of a new danger to lay stress on the foundation already laid, and to try to secure a high moral and spiritual tone within the Churches under his control by enforcing more strictness in worship and in the qualifications for the ministry.

The points of comi)arison with the earlier Epistles can scarcely be urged in favour of the authorship ; indeed in one or two places, 1" 2^ (esp. the parenthesis, i\i)l3tia.v \iyw, oi) ^eiiJo^i), the language seems scarcely explained by the cir- cumstances of the time, but to be due to a mere extract from earlier letters, and if so, would be an argument aqairutt genuineness ; but these phnvses may be reminiscences in St. Paul's own mind of a past controversy (cf.

Ejih 2°) rather than extracts from his letters ; while the dillerenccs, e.g.

in the salutation (1'), in the deeper description of his own sinfulness (I"""), side by side with the stronger assurance of the truth of his message, the bold- ness of the criticism on Timothy, the persona] reference to his illnesses and his water-drinking, the allcctionateness of the last ai>peal (6-"), — elU these are subtle points, which are more natural at first than at second hand, and which seem tu bring us face to face witli Paul hiinsili. vi. INTEOKITY.

— There is no MS ground foi „4 xmOTHY, Fl"i;^^^i^^;i;^r2j™0X^^ doubtin" the integrity of the Epistle ; nor is there lnyiUr^sLinconsistW°^l^'=''°^7^^^^^^^^ given the ordinary discursiveness of a etter, >vh.ch would su-^est interpolation, tor the a^^l^"'^;^ ^nacolut" on I', cf. Eph 3' ; 3" comes m awk-ard^y between '» and >;, and "«? "f^d transpo. t on but 312 may be an after-thought (cf . 1 Co 1 ) , tor o ''^But the doubt has arisen in connexion ^vith the authorship.

On the theory of the Fauline authpr- Xd it has been suggested that the sections which iZv a Tate date may be later additions to a ge^le lett'er Thus ^3, is of a cjuite genera^ Character • it has no personal expression : it could be dropped without destroying the sequence of fLS "■-'»-'» o^-'"-"-^ are almost as general ; anTt%ersonal expressions ^-^^^l^^:, "58 5" iirlrpivoi 2}"; SiaiJiaprvpoixai 5'\ miglit be tUo»e Sf Timothy himself or of some later authority ?

ayinrdo/Ti detailed instructions m accordance with the ceueral principles enunciated by bt. l-aui. TM vouKeet'the d&culty of the large number of non-Pauline words in these sections ; but that mav be met by the fact that Paul is treating of ne^^ subjects, a'nd is perhaps borro.

ving from half- stereotvped lists of virtues required of candidates fM S perhaps based on Jemsh reqmrements, nerhaps onGent&eanalogies (forthe correspondence TeS the requirements of 3- and the character- Lstics of the Stoic wise man, cf. Ca" *• Gr. V e^«. P- 571 • besides, it makes it necessary to treat 2 as a deibeT;tTiAsertion.with a view to claun Pauime authov,aip for the section cf. Harnack [Chrori. pp 4S2^S4), who treats 3>-" 5i'-/» as fragnients ?iter thin 138 A.D.]

Again, on the theory of the non-Pa^ne authorihip.1t is -cessa^ to ex,.lain the personal al usions. home of these (1 ., ) may be borrowed from or based upon previous I^t^rs hut 5"-^ cannot be ; it cannot tave been in- vp^ld bv a forger; it must be genuine, and the ve™kwardnessof its insertion at this point is r.Snt; the theory of a second-hand compiler, .

vlio mi"ht more naturally liave inserted it ^ * • The command and the insertion of the command here dTp^nd upon some intimate acnuaintance bl ween^the waiter and Timothy, and intimate knowledge of the conditions at Epliesus.

-r e mSst elaborate attempt to resolve the etter into fts constituent factors is that of Knoke {Com- Ln/ar 1« den Pastoralbrkfe, 1889), who assumes "combination of three letters-two of them from PaiTtX) Timothy, the third the final redaction in The 2nd ceT, in the interests of Church organiza- tlon An attempt to read these letters consecu- tiveiy as arranged by him. ,„v IS. 4. ia_oi« y-4" 5>-«- »• •• "■"• "■". th\ 1"-" 3»-4"- "■'» S'-"-" 5'-» 6"-"', i°j 3i.». 11. 10. 13 ou 59. 10. n.

••■ " 6'- ', will show the arbitrariness of the division, and Ue possibility on such a test of subdividing he iiree still further. For exact details " ^"SSe^ted theories cf. Mollatt. U p. -02 ; Clemen, me McGillert. pp. 405-412; Harnack, Chron. i. pp. *^'^^VALUE.-The intrinsic v^ue is partly in- dependent of its authorship, for the Pastora Fhu'tlcs, even if not written as proofs of. love and aH^ction by Paul to Timothy anc! T.tus. 'in honore ?f,uonecclesia.cathoUcieinordinationeeccles.

astrc^ discipline sanctifaat» sunt' (Murator. Canon). But Us witness is not so much to details of eccle- siastical order (for these are ambiguous), as to ^1"f \'['witnesses, more fully than even Titus and >Tim., to the principleof the delegation of apostolic luthority. The liighest duty of ordaining, and exer- St Pa^ acts as St. John acted in the presence of Ui-e growing needs of the Church (Clem. Alex. ««« ^t^it 'itiesses that ahighly ethical and spinUa^ =^dt/cS«.

=-^^, ^| ritual and or^Lized minist.y. There is "O opposi- tion bctwe^nlhe outward and the inward, between the spirit and the organized body. ■ „ „* (c) It breathes a healthy manly, impatience of in e lectual qnibbles and sophistries ^vlj'ch are di vorc"dfrom\ moral life. _It, -^in to St Paul s protest against <ro<pla and yv^<T.^_ in 1 Co 1 and /. Dut U parries it into a ditterent region. (TindetSlsithas had a direct influence upon contributi^" to a missionary feelmg.

and to a con- justice and I^^P^^i^ity m dealin wu ^^ ^^^^ ^u^^ir^nsVthrmSlsterial office s^^^^^^^^^ Cura, LiTERATUB^-A very, "^."^Xld?! SA it^l!^ be found in Holtzmann's or m Mangold sj.n^^."-^^^^^ ^, ,^, sufficient here to mention^ the best mooera^^^ ^^^ p^^^,.^, problen.s connectedwith the bpstie MJ^^^ ^^,^0 lS97);Moffatt,H..(on«iAAPP.^5^^, _jd Uort- 8 JudaiMf £,'"^"«;"Ji'oi°°elt a «ith Steles „ote. St. Chr5-808tom'8 honnUes a^e ^1 ummat.

n^^^ modem commentators % on hoaenorKe , pre-eminent, and Riggenbach 'o^««"-b^'^°'=!^J" ifi'nd PatrStic illustrations H. P. Lidrton '°^«'::^'"'''"^'' the S»c^«-'S Com .««.(.> rj/) (1897). Ellicott AU°"^^?^J"^'"e'r in the Expositor'. BM, kre carefu. and le^'-^^.'f = r^^" Ber„° A in Camb. Gr. Test. interesting and J"-B«st'« • J- H-^^^^'J'^y^r Schooh (1897) are andHeld'8 0ttumJ»rorn«>w«,ui.»pp.20i-n. ^ ^^^ TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO.- 1. Historical Sit-ilion ot the writer, li! Analysis. Ui.

Literary Dependence. It. Situation at Ephcsus. la) False Teachmf. (i,) Church Organization. T. Authorship. Ti. Integrity. tU. Value, i Wt«;torical SITUATION.-St. Paul is in prison at'•R"oS^Sd^vith a chain andjiad^^^^^ nrisoner for some length of time (i, '• . fiadTncurred imprisonment in the cause oChns^ n»i fto an apostle and teacher of tue ^o>pei \l 2.»i : perhaps some deUnite charge of misdemean.

TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO 775 onr had been matle against him (ws KaKovpyoSt 2®; cf. KaKOTTotuSy 1 P 2'- 4'\ but this may be no more than a simile). But the place and circumstances of his arrest are not clear. He had been tra- velling through Asia Minor and Greece AWth a band of fellow-travellers (cf. Tit 3^* ol ^er' ^nou TdKTcj), including Ueraas.

Crescens, Titus, Tj'chicus, Erastus, and Tropliimus ; apparently he had been opposed at Troas by Alexander, and obliged to leave hastily {4'- ") : in Asia he was deserted by those to whom he looked for support (I') : at Miletus lie left Trophimus ill : at Corinth Erastus stayed beliind : the rest probably moved forward to Nicopoila (Tit 3'-) : and there, or perliaps at Rome itself, he may have been arrested : Demaa de.-erted him : Crescens was despatclied to Galatia (?

Gaul): Titus to Dalmatia: Tychicus to Enhesus: and when he writes Luke is with him single-handed. An Asiatic Cliristian, Onesiphorus, had foimd liim out, thoMgli with dilliculty, had cheered his loneli- ness, and perhaps was enabled to better his condi- tion (I^") ; the Koman Christians are in touch with him, and he is alile to send a word of greeting from all oi tliem(4^'). Perhaps liis trial had already begun and been adjourned (4''* ", but cf. Zalm, £inl. i. ]>.

402, and S|)itta, Zur Gesch. des UrchriMentums, i. pp. 35-50, who make out a good case for referring this to his trial in the previous imprisonment) ; at any rate he regards his death as certain and as not far oir {4^- ^). So in his loneliness he wants help, and liis mind turns to his ' beloved son' Timothy, and to Mark, to whom he had been reconciled.

Timothy was at the time somewhere in Asia Minor, — probably at Enhesus, as he is in a position of authority, where lie has to teach and hand on liis teaching, cf. l'^ 2'''' " 3^ 42- i»,_and Paul writes to beg iiim to come, and to come quickly before the winter, to pick up Mark by the way, and to stop at Troas for the cloak and books and parchments left there. But Timothy was of a timid nature, and the journey was one which would imply peril, and possibly he may arrive too late to see St.

Paul, or may liave to face death himself ; so he exhorts him to have courage and to provide others who will be able to teach the trutli, and warns him against the special dangers which are likely to beset his teaching. The interest of the Epistle oscillates between St. Paul's desire for sympathy and his wish to strengthen Timothy's handi and to guard the deposit of the truth. IL Analysis. 11-2 Greeting. 3-8. Thaiik>i,'tvine for Timothy's past affection and fail)), and ueHire to see him again.

A. 18-213. Exhort-ationa based mainly on St. Paul's position. B. ^~i^. Exhortations based mainly on the position of Timothy. A. Exhortation (1) to stir up his ministerial gift (^ : reiuunibering the nature of the Spirit given by the laying on of the apostle's hands ("O- (2) to be bold to face suffering (») : remembering (a) the power and grace of God, which bos conquered death and brought Ufe And immortality to light ("■ '<).

if)) the example of I'aul himself, who haa faced suffering with perfect trust Id God (II- 12). (3) to hold fast the truth entnisted to him 0^ in the Btrength of the indwelling Spirit (•). Ttiese exbortatiouH are enforced by on ap)>cal to the example of others : (a) as a warning— the disloyalty of the Asiatic ChriHtianH 0^). (6)03 an encounigcment — the boldness and affection and kindly help of OnesipboruB (l*-l^).

f4) to be strong in the power of grace (2')- (6) to commit the true teaching to others »nd secure its tradition (2^). (C) to be ready to face suffering, — like a noble soldier (3). which implies whole-hearted ser- vice (■•) ; like an othlete, who must keeii the niles of the game () ; like & buHbandtnan, who is only rewarded If he toil well (« "') : remembering (a) the govpel of the KiscD Christ, which has enabled Paul himself t4 lace suffering for the elect's sake (^-i").

(6) tbe faithful saying— with its encour» ageraent to all who suffer with Christi and \ls warning to all who denj Him(iii3). B. Exhortations, mainly dealing with the nature ol the teaching to be given by Timothy — (1) to urge Chribiians to avoid idle and useleea discussions ('■). (2) to be liimself a true worker, rightly teaching the truth and avoiding profane babblings (!■ 18): remembering that (a) such discussiuns lead to impiety and spread quickly to tbe ruin of laith (^7- >a).

(6> whereas God's foundation rests upon His knowledge of His own, and their abstention from iniquity (''•'). (c) In every house there are good and bad vessels, and a man must cleanse him- self from evil to be a good vessel (20- 21). (8) to avoid youthful passions, and to aim at the true spiritual qualities (").

(4) to avoid toolish investigations (23) : for they cause strife, and hinder the true char- acter and patient hopeful work of the servant of the Lord (S^-'-W), (6) to avoid false teachers : for, (a) there lies in the future a great growth of empty profession of Christianity combined with sellishness and a low stamiard of morality (3i i*).

(ft) thi3 will be ministered to by false and vuin teachers, deluding their votaries and opposing the truth, like Jannea and Jatnbres, who will, however, be soon exposed ('i-y). (6) to abide loyally by his past teaching : remembering (a) their past common experience of suffering, and of God's protection from it (10. in (6) that suffering is a universal law for Christians (i-).

(c) that deceivers will grow worse 0^)- ifl) the teachers from whom he has learnt even from childhood the real spiritual value and purpose of all Scripture (14.17). to fulfil his whole duty, as an evangelist, with jiatience, sobriety, and courage (41.'') : remembering (a) that people will grow im- patient of sound teachitiff (^- *). (6) that Paul himself is passing : his work is done : he can only look forward to the crown of righteousness (0- 7).

(c) that that crown will be given to all who love the Lord's appearing ("). 431, Personal messages. Appeal to Timothy to come quickly, because of Taul's lonehnesa (9- lO) : to bring Mark alsofii), and to stop at^roas for his cloak and books (1-): to avoid Alexander (^- 16). Reminder of the way in which the Lord had pro- tected him in the past in spite of men's desertion, and trust in Ilim for the future (l"-'*^).

Biiecial greetings to and from individuals (}^^\ with further account of his fellow-travellers (^), and a renewed appeal to conic soon. ^. Final Salutation to Timothy and to those with him. With tlie exception of tlie last word the Epistle is a personal letter tlirouj;hoiit, ami was probably never intended to be read aloiul to the Church under Timothy's care. The note in 2' emphasizes this esoteric character. iii. Literary Dkpendenck.

— The Epistle is so fiersonal and so little argumentative that there is ittle direct quotation in it, even from the OT, the imiiortance of which is so strongly insisted upon (3'*'"). The allusions to it are subconscious and secondary. Tliis may be partly accounted for by the fact that the writer wiis without his books and parchments (4") ; yet his mind is thoroughly Btee{ied in it. Nu IG'', Is 2«i» lie behind 2'», but mediated through Christ's saying in Mt 7^' ", Lk 13S5-a7 .

Wig jg7 lies behind 2", perhaps mediated through Ro 9^' : Ps C-2'" is adapted in 4^ : Ps 22-'^-» colours the whole language and thouj-ht of 4"- " ; and perhaps Is 42'"' atl'ectH the description of the servant of the Lord in 2"'. Jewish tradition — whether written or unwritten is uncertain (cf. Thackeray, Relation of St. Patd to Contemporary Jewish 'Ihmig/tt, pp. 216-222) — i» quoted in 3''.

776 TIMOTHY, SECOI\D EPISTLE TO TBIOTHY, SECOKD EPISTLE TO One 'faitliful saying' is quoted in 2"'", possiblj B. fragment of a Cliristian hymn based on lio6' 8'', Mt W-", Lk 12» (cf. CGT, ad luc. ) : the ' seals ' in 2", wliile based on the OT, were probably already stereo- typed as Christian watchwords : 2" reads like a reminiscence of some early form of creed (cf. Burn, Introduction to the Creeds, pp. 27-30) : 4''' is perhaps a quotation from some Christian pro- phet (cf.

Jude ") : 4" from some iyp!i<poy of the Lord (cf. Resch, Agrapha, p. 253) : 4' recalls the end of the Lord's Prayer. Tliere are many parallelisms with the earlier Pauline Epistles. isf- cf Ro 18«r.. 1' ,. Ro 81». 1" „ Ro l", Eph 41. 1" ., Ro 1625, Eph 14 1" ., 1 Ti 2'. 1' .. RoS". s-"-' .. 1 Co 9'»- 211-13 C.t Ro 68 ei. 216 Tit3«. j»g 1 Ti 611. 35 Tit 116. »' Tit 116 31.

46 Ph 121 2" Of all these passages Ph l^" 2", 1 Ti 2' 6" alone suggest a conscious literary imitation ; and they are equally consistent, if not more consistent, with the hypothesis tliat thej- are the entirely independent utterances of the same writer. The correspond- ences w ith the Acts are mainly with the speeches of St. Paul there (P, cf. Ac 23' 24" ; 4', cf. Ac 20-^), but they are not close enougli to be extracts ; and if they need any explanation, it is very possible that St.

Luke was preparing the Acts at this time. iv. Situation implied at Ephesus(?) — (a) False Teachers. — The warning against false teachers is less prominent than in 1 Tim. or Titus : they are in tlie background, and their features are seen with less distinctness ; yet, so far as they can be descried, they may be identified as the same as there.

Their chief characteristic is to ' strive about words' (2"), to indulge in 'profane bab- blings' (2'), in ' foolish and ignorant questionings' (2^), in ' fables ' (4) : they are ' corrupted in mind ' (3'), unspiritual (2""), tending to a low standard of morality (2'") : attracting sSly women by profes- sions of knowledge, yet unable to satisfy their desire for it (3'- '). These tendencies will increase hereafter (3' iv iaxiToj.'

s r)ijUpai^, perhaps an applica- tion of some previous prophecy ; perhaps little more than ' hereafter,' cf. Pr SI'"), but within Timothy's own lifetime (3" AiroTpiTrov, 4^''). In all these points they resemble the teachers of 1 Tim. and Titus. There are, however, two distinctive traits. (1) They are ybrjTn (3'*), i.e.

either, loosely, 'se- ducers' (AV), 'impostors' (RV) : or, more exactly, ' magicians,' ' jugglers,' carrying on, even in their professed Christianity, the old Jewish sorcery or the magical formulae of the ' Ephesian letters,' akin to Simon Ma^s, Elymas, the sons of Sceva, or those who practised ' curious arts ' at Ephesus. The analogy of Jannes and Jainbres (3*) makes it probable that the more exact sense is riglit. (2) Two of them, Hymena?

us and Philetus, taught definitely that ' the resurrection is already past.' Such an assertion must have sprung from a low view of matter, shrinking from belief in a literal resurrection of the body, and either (a) as.serting that the only resurrection is the resurrec- tion of the spirit to newness of life in baptism — a view which springs from the same source as the difficulties about the resurrection in 1 Co 15, and may have been based on a misrepresentation of St.

Paul's own teaching (Ro 6'), and which was a common tenet in Gnostic teaching (cf. Iren. i. 23, ii. 31 ; Tert. de Resurr. 19, de Priescript. 3; Justin, Dial. 80 ; Polyc. c. 7 ; 2 Clem. Rom.

9), but would also find sympathy in Jewish thought ; or (h) asserting that a man only rose and lived again in his posterity, an explanation which is found in Acta Theclce 14, i^/iwit at SiSd^o^uy ^v X/7<i offros di'di'"aaiif yiyvfffOcu in IjS^ yiyovtp, 4^ oXi txofiev T^Kvois — a view which would be akin to earlieJ Jewish thought, but is a less nat\iial perversion oi any Christian theory (see Zahn, Einl. i. p. 486). There is, then, nothing to dissociate the teachers of this Epistle from tho.

se of 1 Tim. and Tit.; and the importance laid on the true spiritual purposes of the OT, as well as the ad hominei/i appeal tc the Jewish Haggada (3*- "), make it probable that they were perverting the spiritual value of the OT by the introduction of worthless Kabbinia legends and speculations. (b) Church Organization. — On this there is little stress and few details of it. Timothy represents St.

Paul ; he is to uphold the deposit, the teaching received from Paul, Paul's gospel (1', " 2'- * S'"- ") ; he is to guide the teaching of others (2'"'-), to exercise discipline (4'). He has received a spiritual qualification for his task conferred by the imposi- tion of St. Paul's hands (1», but see 1 Timothy) : his task is described as a SiaKovia, he himself as an eiayyeXta-TTis : he is being summoned away for a special visit to St.

Paul, but it seems to be assumed that he will return (3'"^ 4'"'). Meanwhile he is to secure a sure succession for St. Paul's teaching by entrusting it to others, who will be able to hand it on in tlieir turn to others (2-). The suggestion of this Epistle, in contrast to that of 1 Tim., is distinctly against the idea that Timothy was a temporary delegate, and favours the theory that he held a permanent office and a permanent localisation of the office. V. Authorship.

— The external evidence for the Pauline authorship is much the same as that for 1 Timothy, save that the allusions to its language in writers of the first quarter of the 2nd cent, are less unequivocal. It was possibly known by Ignatius, more probably by Polycarp (c. 5 = 2'-, c. 9 = 4'"), but the conscious borrowing from the Epistle is not certain in either writer. This ditl'er- ence may be due to the fact that it is a more private letter than 1 Timothy.

On the other hand, the intrinsic evidence ol genuineness is much stronger than in 1 Tim. or in "Titus. Positively, there are personal touches throughout ; negatively, there is less to be urged against the genuineness. The picture of Timothy as young, timid, att'ectionate, is of a piece with what is known of him elsewhere : the allusions in 1""" 2" 410-iii.

iD-ji bear the stamp of truth, giving a picture of desertion and cowardice in some Christians which could scarcely have been invented, and they are independent of the Acts and of all other known sources. So with regard to the writer ; in cliar- actcr — the affection for his fellow-workers, the gratitude for kindness, the sensitiveness to deser- tion (cf. 2 Cor.)

, the prayer for those who have deserted him, the sense of the importance of his own mission, the appeal to his own teaching and his own suB'erings, the self-sacrifice for the elect's sake, the a-ssurance of the Lord's protection and of the reward which he shall receive at the last day ; in method of teaching — the loyalty to Judaism (13=Ph 3*), the value attached to the OT (S'"- ", cf.

Ro 15''), the use of Jewish traditions (4*), the masculine contempt for trivialities of argument (2") ; in the substance of the doctrines taught — the stress on God's purpose and grace, on the conquest of death, on the risen Christ as the inspirer of confidence, on the need of suft'ering and of courage, on the moral tests of faith, — all these point clearly to St. Paul. There is no objection, on the side of Church organization or of the doctrines assailed, to be raised against his authorship.

The slight distrust of Timothy's courage and conduct (1''2-''') may surprise us, but they would be more surpris- ing in a forger : the repetition to him of the namei of his mother and grandmother (1') are indeed un- necessary, but very natural in an old man recalling TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY, SECOA'D EPISTLE TO 777 his old converts ; the assertion of his aiiostleship (1") is natural to one who is enforcing the iluty of loyal adherence to hia teaching : the vague gener- alities about the false teaching and the absence of controver.'

ial argument in refutation of them are natural in writing to one who knew all the circum- stances. The reference to the persecutions in Antioch, I.ionium, and Lystra unlii (3"), is expli- cable, as tney were the tirst whicli Timothy had witnessed, and is very like tliat in 2 Co ll^-'-si. The only ground of suspicion lies in the style — partly in tl e large number of 4iraf "Kcyliiuva. (44 in this Epistle alone : 6.

0\eiv, aKaipus, dtrpaTTJi, ava^iirtrvfxiv, drdXi'trtf, dyavrjipdVj dva^i'Xft^', dfs^t- hdKOSf dvfiraL'X^'vTos, dvfi^Lfpo^, dvTibiaTWiaBai^ diraf- 5evro5, diroT/ lirtadax^ dprioSt dtpi\dya6oSf ^4\tiov, ydyypaiva, 76^»s, yuvaLKdpioiff 6etXia, ^kotjXo^, ^\eyfj.

6Sf iv5uv(iv, iiravipOu)ai^^ iTTtaufxvftv^ Oedtn/evaros, Kara- ^$cipeiy, KinjOiH', Xoyo^axciv, ixdfiji-q, fUfx^pava^ vfuj- TepiK6Sf dpOoToixAf, tnCTOvadaif Trpay/xarla, ffT/saroXoyet*', ffvvKaKoiraOftyf Jw(ppovtiTfi6iy tp£\6vr]St ^tXauros, 0t\^- Sofos, <pi\60(ot, xo'^''f''5i JOTi^'Mo'i "o o'lfi of which, however, suggests a later date), and more de- finitely, in tlie many words or phrases — either Latiuisms ix'^p'" fX"' ^'' ^'' "''■'a") or half-sterco- tj'ped formulae {KaOapd (TwelSTjats, Ka&apd Kapoia, iTriyvttxns dXi^^f/ay, TrapatfiJ^'i;, vyiaivovres \6yoif ij iryiaivovca SiOajKaXla^ ncrrAs 6 X670S, ^f^7)Xoi Kevo- ipivylai, ri tov Sia^6\ou Trayts, 6 tov 6tov dydpunros, i yty aliiv) — which siiggest a different writer at a rather later stage of Christianity.

With regard to these the suggestions urged on 1 Tim. will hold good, and it will perhaps be felt that. If they stood alone, they would not be so striking as when placed side by side with 1 Tim. and Titus. They would be scarcely a serious objection to this Epistle, on the hypothesis that those were later imitations of this.

The ditficulty of inserting the historical situation ia the time covered by the Acts, or of placing tie date of the Epistle in the first Roman im- prisonment, seems insuperable, and, if it is genuine, it presupposes alateriniprisonnieiiKcf. ITlMOTllv). vi. iNTKCr.lTY. — The MSS sui)ply no hint of interpolation or of ' contamination' in the Epistle, neither does any internal neces.sity require such an hypothesis.

But there are certain facts which have not unnaturally raised doubts about the integrity. Thus (1) the E])istle varies between two main purposes, and there is a possibility of Contradiction between them. The greater part is an instruction to Timothy about his teaching at Ephesus, and it seems to he assumed that he will remain there ; the latter part summons him to leave and join the writer. These two jmrposes are obviously capable of being combined, and the a|ipeals in chs.

1 and 2 may naturally be inter- preted ' show courage by coming to join me in my pri.-^on,' ' entrust your teaching to others in your own al>sence or in the prospect of your own death ' ; but this is not said, as might have been expected in the face of 4". (2) Again, sections of the Epistle are personal and distinctly Paulino throughout; while others {'2"-'i") consist of va^e generalities, consistent with I'auline authorship, but not demanding it. (3) There are some amiarent contradictions, e.

g. 3' a-s contrasted w ith 2" (but they are not neces- Eanly spoken of the same persons, and, while 3° lefers to external success, 2" refers mainly to internal degeneracy) : again, 4" as contrasted with 4-' (but Luke may have been St. Paul's only attendant in prison, Eubulus and the others Human Christians who had access to him from outside).

(4) The construction of the opening sentence is dilhcult, and has suggested that it has been care- lessly reconstructed from some earlier form ; but its difficulty does not go beyond that of many Pauline jiaragiaphs. Again, l'»-'8 ig easily separ- able from the surrounding context, and its con- nexion with it is not at linst sight obvious: yet there is a real connexion (see the analysis), and the dilliculty of its position wUl remain on any theory of construction.

These facts have given rise to attempts of two kinds to resolve the Epistle into separate parts. (1) It consists of two, or possibly more, letters by St. Paul himself, which have been accidentally combined. In this case l'-4' with, perhaps, 4'"'-' and — '' might form one letter, wrilicn from the Konian imprisonment, and 4"""' with 4-^ wUl be a second letter, perhaps written earlier, at the time of the imprisonment in Ca'sarea (Clemen), or even later in the Roman imprisonment.

This theory meets many ditllcuUies, would imply very little dislocation of MSS, anl very possibly has an analogy in the end of the Epistle to the Romans. (2) It consists of genuine fragments of Pauline letters, worked up into one whole by some later writer, say of the time of Uomitian (Clemen), with the object of strengthening Christians in the face of persecution, and securing the tradition of apos- tolic doctrine against inuuvatiiig tendencies.

We might then have (a) 4""- '"■-'■ -^ a short letter, calling Timothy to rejoin him, written at some time in the third niissionaiy journey (McGifl'ert, Rartlet) ; (b) I'-S'^ 3"'-4» and 4"^-^» a letter of encijuragement to Timothy, written at the end of the Roman imprisonment ; (c) S^-S' the addition of the ultimate redactor. Further and more de- tailed suggestions of the jjossibility of reconstruc- tion will be found in Clemen {Die Eivheitlkhkeit dcr Paul. Brief c, pp.

142-156); McGittert (The Ajw.stolic Age, yp. 404-414); Moflatt {The His- turical New Testament, pj). 700-704). But there is no suflicicut reason for treating any part of the Eiiistleas un-Pauliiie : the theories of interweaving of^ document with document are too intricate to be probable, and no one theory has commanded any- thing like a common assent. iuWuhar (Einleitung^, pp. 10.5, 1.

56) entirely rejects the theory, because of the unity of each of the Pastoral Epistles, and regards them throughout as purely inventions attributed to the apostle. vii. Value.

— The importance of the Epistle is not great on doctrinal or ecclesiastical grounds : doctrinally, indeed, it adds the fullest statement of the inspiration of the OT and of its primary value to a Christian teacher that is to be found in the NT : it probably bears witness to the practice of prayer to God for mercy to the dead (!'"), and it shows the power of the Christian doctrine of a Ri.

scn Christ to support a Christian in the face of death : ecclesiastically, it shows the value attached to the imiiosition of the apostle's hands, and to a succession of ministers as a means of securing the tradition of sound teachini' ; but none of these points are peculiar to this Epistle. Its real value IS historical and personal. Assuming the Pauline authorship, it is the chief source of evidence for Paul's life after the clo.

se of the Acts, supporting the theory of a second imprisonment, giving details of the last trial, implying further missionary work to the east, and possibly to the west (4'") of Rome, testifying to his reconciliation with John Mark, and giving glimpses of some of his friends, who are not known to us from other sources.

On the non-Pauline authorship, its witness to these his- toric facts may be trusted, ond it would also be a witness to the tone of ecclesiastical thought in Pauline Churches at the end of the 1st or beginning of the 2nd cent. But its main interest is one of character, and two portraits emerge from it. (1) The portrait of the ideal Christian minister.

He is, like Christ Himself, to re- produce the features of Isaiah's ideal of ' The Servant of the Lord,' patient, gentle, hopeful, interceding (2") : he is to be God's man, His loyal liegeman (3") ; like a soldier, unentangled with civil duties (2') ; like an athlete, obej'ing loyally the rules of the contest (2'') : like a husbandman, toiling hard, and, if so, earning his reward (2'); like a tradesman, honestly cutting out his goods (2" ?)

; like a fisherman, trying to catcli back those who have been caught by the devil (2-* ?) : he needs courage, gentleness in face of opposition, willing- ness to face sullering, hopefulness for those who have gone wrong : he is to be serviceable (euxpiffTos, 4"), tnoroughly equipped for every good work (3"), to keep himself free from moral evil (2, ), to re- kindle the grace given by ordination, remembering that it was the gift of a s]jirit of love and power and discipline (1').

In teaching, he is to avoid idle speculations and restless innovations, to be loyal to the truth, to be long-sufi'ering and yet bold in rebuke ; the remembrance of the Risen Christ is to be ever before him ; and he is to take for his standard of life and teaching («) the facts of the apostle's life (3'"), (6) the outline of the apostle's teaching, (c) the OT Scriptures, which are not only able to make him ■wise unto salvation, but also to guide hiin in his discipline of others.

(2) The portrait of the Christian minister, with his work done, facing death (cf. 1 John and 2 Peter). He acquiesces gladly in the present, but his eyes are turned mainly to the past or to the future. He recalls the way in whicli he from his youth, and his ancestors before him, have worshipped God (1') : he dwells on God's power (!'

• '• '- 2' 4") as having protected him in all past dangers (3"), as communicated to himself (4"), and yet independent of liimself — God may imprison His preachers, but His word is never fettered (2'') : he reviews his whole course, he lias no doubt of his reward ; and so he looks into the future, he antici- pates the false teaching that will arise (3'), he warns against it, he provides for a succession of teachers to whom the truth can be entrusted (2-) : he strenrthens his favourite son for his task : he is sure tliat God will protect him from every evil work that may meet him in this life, and he looks beyond the grave : he sees God's sure foundation firmly standing (2'") : he sees God protecting the teaching which he has handed back to His care (!'

■-) : he sees God rewarding evil-doers according to their work (4") : he sees the heavenly kingdom, eternal glory, life and immortality ; he sees the ( oming in brightness {iiritpayeia) of the Righteous Judge, and the crown of righteousness given to him and to all who have loved that coming (4").

The Epistle is the letter of a good shepherd who is laying do^vn his life for his slieep to one whom he is training to be also a good sheplierd and to lay down his life for his sheep, and is inspired by the remembrance of ' the Good Shepherd ' who had laid down His life and risen from the grave. LiTSEATDiiB. — For the literature c*. 1 Timothy and Titus. W. Lock. TIN (S"!3 MdhU) was known as an alloy with copper at least as early as 1600 B.C. in Kgypt, and prol)ably before 2000 B.C. in Europe.

It was also prepared pure in Egypt at least by 1400 B.C. The source of it is muc'li deliated. Banca, Spain, and Britain have all been proposed. That it appears as an alloy earlier in Europe than in Egypt shows that it was European ; and the nearest source of it to the early bronze lands of Europe is in the tin mines of Bohemia and Saxony. Tin (Gr. Koaalrtpo^) in the literal sense is mentioned in Nu 3F- (P) along with brass, iron, and lead, and along with the same metals is used fi".

of Israel in Ezk 22" (cf. v.") ; and it appears in E/.k 27'^ along with silver, iron, and lead, as an article of com- merce brought to Tyre from Tarshisli. In Is 1^ ' alloy ' would be a better rendering than ti n.' In Zee 4'" '7n;ri \2Kn = plummet. See further under Mines, Mining. W. M. Flinders Pbtrib.