Twin brothers (Hastings' Dictionary)

See DIOSCUEL TYCHICUS (TixiKis), classed with Tronhimus as 'katavol, i.e. natives of Asia (Ac 20*). Tliey were, with other disciples, St. Paul's companions in travel from Macedonia as far as to Asia, and preceded him to Troas. Tychicus is mentioned four times in the Epistles of St. Paul. In Eph 6-' '-'^ St.

Paul savs, ' That ye also may know ni}- affairs and how I ^o, Tychicus, the beloved brother and faitliful minister in the Lord, shall make known to you all things : whom I have sent unto you for this very purpose, that ye maj' know our state, and that he may comfort your hearts.' He was therefore the bearer of the letter to its destina- tion, whatever that may have been. Tychicus had the same charge entrusted to him by St.

Paul, a prisoner at Rome, in carrying the Epistle to the Colossians (4"- *), where he is called, in addition to the titles given above, St. Paul's ' fellow-servant in the Lord.' F'rom 2 "Ti 4" it appears that Tychicus was sent on a second occasion to Ephesus, most prob- ably after St. Paul's first imprisonment at Rome. At this time his old companion Trophimus was close by ' at Miletus sick ' (2 Ti 4'-'"). St.

Paul also speaks of sending Tychicus or Artemas to Titus ('Tit 3") to Crete, and says that when he does, Titus is to ' give diligence to come unto him to Nicopolis." lie may have been the other disciple (2 Co 8-'-) with Tro|'ihimu3 (see Trophlmus) w'ho carried the 2nd Epi-tle to the Corinthians from Ejilicsus to Corinth. One tradition makes Tychicus bi^hop of Chalcedon in Bithynia. In the Greek M'-n(iti>gi/ (Dec.

9) he is said to have been bishop of Coloplioii after Sosthenes, and to have sufl'erea martyraom for the Christian faith. II. A. Redpath. TYRANNUS C^vpawot) is mentioned only in Ac 19". When St.

Paul, after spending three months in addressing himself to the Jews of Ephesus, using the synagogue for his place of preaching, found them determinedly hostile, he witlidrew his adherents from the synagogue and began ' reason- ing daily iu the school of Tyrannus (KaB' r)iUpa,v Sia\€y6tM€vot iv T-p oxo^i l^vpdvvov). The passage is enigmatical in its extreme brevity ; but it may have been addressed to readers who were more familiar with the situation than we are. The word crx"^').

rendered ' school ' in AV and RV, means leisure, and is frequently aiiplied to the learned leisure of the conteiiiphitive or philo- BOjihic life as contrasted with the life of politics or business ; bonce it is frequently used to denote the written treatises produced iii the philosopher's cultured leisure, or the lessons or lectures which he gives to pupils ; and, finally, it is often applied, as here, to the place or building or room in which such lessons were given.

Some such locality, already used for lecturing or teaching, was pro- ' Thin wu previous to th« writing of the ioi Epistle to Timuthy. 622 TYKANNUS TYRANNUS cured for the use of St. PaiU when the synagogue ceased to be suitable. When we attempt to go beyond this, we find that the difficulties are many. The very reading is uncertain ; and tlie dill'erence is of the utmost importance for the sense. ( 1 ) The reading which we have quoted follows the te.'

kt of the great MSS NAB (supported by many secondary authorities). It might be possible that the writer should designate in this bare way a school which belonged to a private individual, Tyrannus, otherwise unmeutioned in the work, and necessarily obscure to all except his own contem- poraries in Ephesus. A case which presents a remarkable analogy occurs in Juvenal, vU.

40, where a rich patron puts at the disposal of his humble poet-friend ' the house of Maculo ' (J/ftt «- lonis cBiIes),' a disused house iu a remote part of Kome, which for some reason was faiiiUiar to tlie Koman public whom Juvenal addressed. But the illustration proves that this meaning cannot be accepted in Ac 19'.

There is not the remotest probability that the writer of Acts was addressing an Ephesian audience, to whom ' the school of Tyrannus,' an obscure place belonging to a private person, was familiar. The only other possible interpretation of this text is that ' the school of Tyrannus ' was a public building in Ephesus, wliieh could thus be described by its stereotyped name.t It would then be necessary to understand that St. Paul, as a teacher of a new philosophy, lectured publicly in this building.

It is well known that philosophical teachers commonly gave lectures or held discussions in this public fashion in buildings or localities freely open to the whole population, as Socrates and St. Paul held disputations in the Athenian agora, as tlie Stoics lectured in the Stoa Poekile and the Academics in the Academy.

The custom is in keeping with the extreme openness and publicity of life in Greece or Italy, which was iucli that a schoolmaster is represented in a Pompeian wall-painting as holding classes in the open forum. Habitual use of a public building could hardly be made except with permission granted by the city or the magistrate charged with surveillance of the building (probably the aqoranomos, corresponding to the Latin OBcHlis). rJow, although St.

Paul was evidently regarded not unkindly by mao:istrates and leading men in Ephesus (cf. Ac 19^'-^'), yet it would be surprising that he should be accorded such formal public recognition ; and it seems quite out of harmony with the general character of Pauline teaching that he should have accepted such a position, for recognition by a public otlicial or body implies some submission to conditions and sacrifice of freedom. St.

Paul's address to the Ephesian elders is far from suggesting any such legalized method of addre-ss during the period of his Ephe- sian ministry (Ac 20'*"'''). Hence the almost unani- mous opinion of scholars has rightly rejected the view that Tyrannus' school was a public building. Yet it seems necessary in that case also to reject the reading of NAB, etc. (adopted in UV), and return to the text of 'Western' type which ap- pears in AV.

(2) This text in its various forms differs only by adding a word or words after the reading of XAB, etc.J The common reading adds T<j/is after * This is the MSS reading. Many editors follow the scholiast, who evidently had maculo^as. t The orij^in of the name would of course be obscure to us, on this view : it would be in keeping with Greek city life if Tyrannus was the donor, who built the schota and presented it to the city. J Glass in his edition of the Western (Roman) Te.

vt, Leipzig 1896, prefers the reading to jutt/ r,fjt.ipeti, following D : liis reason is perhaps that this is characteristically Attic. He also strangely denies that the Western reading" contained rivo; (though he accepted this in his earlier editionX in spite of the •trong amtemut o( Western authorities for it. 'Vvpivvov: an exclusively and characteristically Western reading adds also awb iipas winvTris las Ofi;dri)s.

' The school of a certain 'ryianinis' must be a private, not a public, building or place ; Tyrannus was either a teacher who ordinarily used it, or the private owner who granted the use of it whether for hire or free. In the latter case the situation would be similar to that iu the passage just quoted from Juvenal, according to the reading of the scholiast and many editors: the patron grants to his literary friend the use of a poor old house belonging to himself.

A certain individual named Tyrannus raiglit on this inter- pretation have permitted St. Paul to use or to hire a sckola which belonged to liiin : ni-is explains and apologizes for the mention of an unknown person. There can be no doubt that goodwill to St. Paul must have been entertained by the person who allowed him the use of this school. Even if he hired it, we may be sure tliat no actively hostile owner would have let it to him.

But the Bezan addition ' from the fifth to the tenth hour' strongly favours the interpretation that Tyrannus was a teacher or philosopher, who also used the schola. It was then obviously neces- sary to make some arrangement as to hours : Tyrannus continued to use the schola during the early hours of the day, while St. Paul used it from one hour before noon till two hours before sunset. This partition of the day is an interesting point, and true to ancient life.

The customary time for teaching in Graeco-Roman life began very early, probably soon after sunrise. Juvenal in his usual exaggerating way describes the teacher as already in school at work before sunrise by artificial light (vii. 222) ; * and it is estalilished Vjy many passages that the fifth hour was the usual time for stopping all work and business (Martial, iv. 8. 3, prandium being eaten between the fifth hour and noon).

Thus the school would be vacated by Tyrannus at the fifth hour, and was then at the disposal of St. Paul till the tenth. The full Western text establishes the meaning of an otherwise very obscure passage, and gives a natural and satisfactory sense. The shortest text implies a sense that is either un, Lukan or im- proliable.

There seems no reason why the Western addition should be made, whUe there was con- siderable temptation to allow the words of the Western text to drop out, as they seemed quite unimportant to 3rd cent, students. These con- siderations make it probable that the full Western reading is the true Lukan text, and that part of the true text was lost from many authorities. We cannot think that both the long and the short read- ings are original Lukan (as Blass and others hold).

The possibility that Tyrannus may have been a Jew has been favourably regarded by some scholars. But tins seeuis dis- tinctly improljable. If Tyrainius was an unconverted Jew, he would have almost certainly been unfavourable, if not actively' hostile, to Paul ; and he would have been most unlikely to facilitate the apostle's work, especially as by doing so he would have incurred the strong dislike of his own people. The sequence of thought in tiie verse, ' he separated the disciplea {i.e.

from the Jews), speaking daily in the school of Tyrannus, seems hardly reconcilable with the view that Tyrannus was a .lew. Moreover, the way in which 'a certain Tyrannus' ifl mentioned would hardly suggest that ho was a convert. But it is an error on the part of sonje writers to urge the Greek name as any argument against the theory that Tyrannus was a Jew. The Jews of the great cities of Asia Minor had become ery strongly Grecized, and Greek names were in ordinary -ise among them.

Further, Knowling points out that the daily meetings in the schola imply that St. Paul made his adherents sepanite even from the synagogue services of the Sabbath. It seems im- possible that a Jew could have aided in such a purpose. The name is given in D as Tvpawlou Tivds : this is certainly a mere corruption. The name Tyrannus is common in inscriptions, and several per ons of * So also Martial, ix. 03. the name are mtntioneJ in literary anthorities ; but Tyrannius is unknown.

The form T^vpivvioi' is a woman's name (neuter diminutive), like Ivpawlt (falsely acoented, CIG 3730). W. M. Ramsav. TYRE (^i [11 times nW] ZOr, i.e. 'rock' ; Ivpoi; Tel el-Aniarna tablets Zuru, Zurri ; referred to by Jerome as ~Jip, il^rpa, 17 Tvpiuy iriXis ; Arab. Si'ir). — i. Situation. — The modem small town of Tyre, built on the ruins of the once celebrated city, lies on a narrow strip of the Phcenician plain, about ciiuiilistant from Zidon and Acre.

On the north the sandy coast-line rvins up to the headland of Sarafend (Sarepta), and on the south tlie view is blocked by the hiyh three-headed promontory, of ■which the middle point is the precipitous Ladder of TjTe {Hcala Ti/riorum). The ancient island, with its half mile of channel between it and the coast, is now a blunt headland, and there is nothing to remind the present inhabitants of the existence of the famous mole, and of the dilh- culties encountered in its construction.

The path- way of 60 yards in width, along which the soldiers of Alexander ruslied to the attack, is now half a mile broad, owing to the drifting up of the sea sand on the S.W. side. It was from the island that the town received its name. The Hock, lying oil', about a mile in length and three-quarters ol a mile in widtli, was the special feature that caught the e3'e, both on land and at sea.

And it was owinf' to the accom- modation which the island provided for shipping, and the protection thus allbided to its inhabitants, that Tyre became the most celebrated maritime city of the ancient world. At these entrances of the sea Tyre sat like a pedlar spreading out his wares at a city gate, and became ' the merchant of the peoples unto many isles' (Ezk 27^).

The island had two harbours, one on the north side and the other on the south, formed by the indenta- tion of the outline, and extended by breakwaters. These harbours were called the Zidonian and Egyp- tian, much in the same way as the west gate of Jeru.salem is called the Jail'a gate, and its northern the Damascus gate.

The part of the town that was buUt on the mainland was strongly fortified, and in times of peace the inhabitants cultivated the neighbouring gardens, and received their supply of water by atpictluct from the great fountain now- called lia.s-cl-'ain, b'ing several miles to the south.

As the wealth of Tyre increased, and the danger of military invasion became chronic, its inhabitants would come to regard the island as being not merely the storehouse of their merchandise, and a place of retreat in time of invasion, but as the actual city of Tyre. Thus the city on the shore, with its often-battered walls and scattering of pe.i-sant houses among the gardens by the aque- duct, was called ^ rdXat 'ivpos, iiaKa.iTvpot, Palie- tyrus, vetus Tynu.

According to a letter, quoted by Jos^phus {Ant, vni. it. 7) u havin;; been written by kiiitf Hiram to 8oIoiuon, the request for payment in ^rain is liascd on ttie fact tliat Hiram's people inhabited an island. Tlte Ave years' 8iet;e by Slialmaiieser iv., and that of thirteen jears by Nebuchadnezzar, also seem to Indicate that Tyre could not be attacked in the ordinary way.

Nothing now remains of the strength and splen- dour of the island fortress, except that on a calm day one may look from a boat, and see in the :e great iiiblcd p: illars of rose- waler along the rocky shore jjreat blocks of the ancient breakwi coloui'ed granite. ii. Antiquity. — In the time of .Jo.shua, Tyro is niintioned as being a fortified city, and its char- acter as a stronghold is also noted in 2 S 24', Is 23'*, Zee 9^.

It is included in the list of I'ha'nician towns visited by the Egyptian mohar in the time of Ramses II. Herodotus (ii. 44) states, on the authority of the TjT-ian priests of Mel^arth, that the town was built almut B.C. 2750. Josephus, on the other hand, informs us (Ant. VIII. iii. 1) that Tyre was founded 240 years before the building of the temple, i.e. about B.C. 1217. Isaiah seems to be referring to a well-known claim when he speaks of the city 'whose antiquity is of ancient days' (23').

Strabo (XVI. ii. 22j calls it dpxtuordTi) xiXit TiJ/Jos. iii. Relationship op Tyre and Zidon.— Isaiah speaks of Tyre as the ' daughter of Zidon ' (23"). With this agree the references in Greek and Latin poetry, where Zidon represents in a general way everything Phoenician. Zidon seems to have been the first to pass from bein^ a fishing village, as its name im2)Iies, to the undertaking of commercial transactions on the coast of Syria.

From this small beginning, her ships began to traffic with Cyprus and northwards among the Greek islands. The transference of maritime power from Zidon to Tyre was owing, according to one account (Justin, IS. 3), to an attack by the Philistines of Ascalon upon Zidon by way of punishing that city for having seized Dor. Possibly, a number of the Zidonian merchants transferred their connexion to I'yre as being more convenient for the trade with the south-east of the Mediterranean.

Isaiah refers to Tyre as having been replenished by the mer- chants of Zidon (23-). While Zidon had made its name familiar over the eastern half of the Medi- terranean, TjTe put a bolder spirit into its mercan- tile enterprises, and steadily advanced in wealth and power until it became 'the mart of nations' (Is 23^). See, further, under Zidon. iv. Extent and Influence of Tvrian Trade.

— While Tvre produced certain manufactured articles, such as glass work and the crimson and bluish-purple dj-es obtained from the shell-fish * of the coast, the chief cau.se of its wealth and fame was its trade-carrying pre-eminence. Tyre was the great sea-pedlar of the ancient world.

By their charts of the ocean and study of the stars, alon<' with carefully guarded records as to depths and distances, winds and currents, the Tyrian sailors were able to outstrip all competitors by sailing during the niglit, and keei)ing their course when out of sight of land. Also by land they had their trading stations along the eastern caravan routes that passed to the N.E. by Aleppo and Palmyra, and to the S.E. into Arabia.

Krom Armenia to the Persian Gulf all the paths of merchandise converged towards Tyre. Their ships, for a time in partnership witli those of Solomon, traded in the Red Sea. A recent conjecture is that Sofala (with the prefix * dropped and the I restored to r) was the celebrated Ui'ilin, with its traces of Semitic workmanship in the neighbouring gold mines. The Tyrians rounded the continent of Africa in their vessels, not larger than a modern herring-boat.

They traded on the Nile, selling their wares and laying in wheat and linen at their station at Memphis. They had their ports along the north coast of Africa, notably at Utica and Carthage, the latter of which was said to have been founded by the Dido of romance. In the great Roman ejiie Virgil must give his hero a Tyrian steersman, Palinurus (possibly Biialo- niikro, 'IJaal is light').

All the islands of the Medi- terranean were familiar with their richly freighted •In 'the book of the Uolls,' pp. 47, 48 {Sttutia Sinaitica, No. viii.), there is an account, whicti the writer of llie book dia- miascs with contempt, of ttie way in which the purple dye of the Tyrian murex was discovered.

It was a Jewish tradition to the elTect that a she)iheni la4l one day noticed his do|^ eating bouiethin^ on the shore near Tyre, and observed that the dog'a nioutti waji stained with bri^'ht crimson thud. Wltti the Oriental instinct for decoration he dipped some wool in the bright dye, and put it on his head iis a crown. The incident havin>( been reported to Hiram, kin^- ot Tyre, tbe dye inataiitly became an important article ol commerce. vessels.

Beyond the Straits of Gibraltar they established (jrades and other stations on tlie west coast of Spain. They crossed also to Cornwall, and passed down the west coast of Africa as far as Cape Nun and the Canary Islands. Traces of their presence survive, especially in the islands of Cyprus, Sicily, and Sardinia, in the names of har- bours, in e.\cavated relics, and in graves with Phoenician inscriptions, telling where some Tyrian sailor had rested from his wanderings. Ezekiel (cli.

27), in describing the height of glory from which Tyre was cast down because of the un- righteousness of her traffic, gives a glowing account of the various lands that gave her of their best, ministerin'; to her vast mercliandise, and so to her wealth and power and pride and destruction. In Ezk 27^' *■ there is a picture of the ships of Tar- shish, homeward bound and heavily laden, being bulieted by the common Levanter or east wind of the Mediterranean.

Tyre was a great civilizer, bringing East and West together, and teaching the world the peace- ful lesson of mutual dependence. From the 12th cent. B.C. it strove with wonderful talent and per- sistency to carry out its great aim, wliich was to gain from the whole world rather than to gain the world itself. Its world was gain.

Its destiny, unlike that of Rome, was not to beat down the proud and mighty, but to supply the wants of the rich and great, bringing idols for tlieir shrines, beautiful vases for their palaces, shields and swords of cunning i\ork for warriors, cloth of gold, em- broidery, and royal purple for kings, and silk work in stripes and tartan for princesses.

By exporting various products to lands where they were un- known or of inferior quality, productive activity was stimulated on all sides, and the standard of industrial art was raised. Like a goodly merchant- man. Tyre was willing to pay for her treasures.

Thus tribute was willingly given to kings in return for freedom of trade ; and with regard to unseen dangers and difficulties, of whicli they were deeply conscious, their commercial prudence was ready with costly gifts or cruel saerilices in order to touch the vanity or avert the wrath of the gods. It was an expenditttre in order to secure a larger gain. V. Tyre and Assyria.— Under Assur-nazir-pal, Shalmaneser II.

, and Tiglath, pdeser, Assyria gradually established its authority over Phienicia, until Shalmaneser IV. in 726 overran the country. Tyre refused to surrender, and Shalmaneser suc- ceeded in detaching her jealous rival Zidon, so that he was able to attack Tyre by sea witli an armada of 60 ships. TheTyrians moved out to meet them, and with 12 war-vessels defeated their enemy, taking 5U0 prisoners.

The siege was maintained on land for five years, until it was raised on account of the death of the AssjTian king (Ant. IX. xiv. 2). Later on, Tyre was attacked with uncertain success by Sennacherib with a vast army. In 673 Esar-haddon found his vassal Tyre in league witli Egj'pt, and in 664 Assur-banipal took it by storm. vi. TvuK AND Israel. — In the partition of the kingdom of Israel under Joshua, the stronghold of Tyre is mentioned in connexion with the portion of Asher (Jos 19'-").

The most intimate connexion between Ty'''' '^"'^ Israel was in the time of Hiram and Solomon, wlicn a covenant of friendship was entered into in connexion with the building of the temple (2 S 5", 1 K 5' 7"- " 9"- ", 1 Ch 14' 22', 2 Ch 2^- "• "• "). Amos (!»• '») complains that this covenant * was shamefully violated by the Tyrians when they sold Israelite captives as common slaves.

In the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, the pride, luxury, and greed of Tyre are denounced For & different interpretation of the covenant of brothers ' gee Driver, Joel and Amm, p. 137. (Is 23'-", Jer 25" 27^ 47*, Ezk 26. 27. 28. 29).

In the Psalms, the daugliter of Tyre with her costly gift stands in the retinue around the throne (45'-), its inhabitants are mentioned among the sworn enemies of Israel (83'), and again Tyre is num- bered among those who are brought to know the Lord (87''). The beautiful scenery of Ephraim ia likened to that of Tyie (Hos 9'^;, .-ind in Zee 9^ the astuteness of the Tyrians is alluded to. In the NT its people are among those who flock to Galilee to see and hear Christ (Mk 3', Lk 6").

Christ visited its coasts (Mt 15-', Mk 7" [where see Swete's note]), and declared that its people, if favoured like the cities of Galilee, woidd have been moved to repentance (Mt 11'-'-'-, Lk 10'^-"). The incident of reconciliation with Herod, recorded in Ac 12-°, reveals in its motive and management tlie artfulness of the Phoenician trader. Finally, in Ac 2P- ' the ship in which St. Paul sailed to Syria comes to Tyre to discharge its cargo. vii. Tyre and Babylon.

— In the early years of the Bab. empire, Tyre was left at peace, and its connexion with Egypt was more closely estab- lished. When it became evident that Babylon was to tread in the path of Assyria, the Phoenician cities Gebal, Zidon, and others with them, laid aside their locaf jealousies and sought to strengthen Tyre to defy the invader (Ezk 27*). After the famous battle of Carchemish, in which Nebuchad- nezzar defeated Pharaoh-neco in 605, Tyre was be- sieged for 13 years (cf. Jos. Ant. x.

xi. 1). The issue of this siege is somewhat unceitain (see Expos. Times, x. 378, 430, 475, 520). The prophet Ezekiel seems to imply at least that the island was not given up to plunder, but the Divine purpose was fuUilled in punishing the unrighteous princes and the proud kin^ of Tyre (Ezk 28'^ 29", »). A time of anarchy and unrest followed, in which the city discarded for a time its monarchical form of government.

Gradually order was restored, pro- sperity returned, and the allegiance to Babylon re- mained unbroken to the end or that dynasty in 538. viii. Tyre and Persia. — The cond'ition of Tyre under the Persians was better than it had been under the Assyrians and Babylonians. Persia required the help of the Phoenician fleet in attack- ing Egypt and repressing the rising Macedonian empire. When after B.C.

400 the power of Persia showed signs of decay, the Phoenician cities re- belled ; but when Zidon was reduced to ashes by Ochus in 351, Tyre surrendered without a siege. During the Persian dynasty it is related, to the credit of Tyre, that its fleet refused to convey the array of Cambyses against Carthage on account of blood-kinship, and thus an expedition was averted that might have influenced the destinies of Rome, ix. Tyre and the Macedonians.

— The greatest event in the history of Tyre was its capture by Alexaniler in B.C. 332 after a siege of seven months. Much ingenuity and courage were displayed on both sides. Help was expected from Carthage, Persia, Cyprus, Zidon, but in vain. It was Tyre's darkest day when Alexander was seen bearing down from the north with a large fleet chiefly col- lected from Phoenician ports and old rivals.

It was the hre from the midst of her that had come to devour a city that claimed admiration and obedience, but did not ask to be loved. The mole ^\■as completed with ease, when the harbour was thus blockaded ; and in the taking of the city 6000 are said to have perished by the sword, 2000 were crucified, and 30,000 women, children, and slaves were sold.

Yet within the brief space of 18 years Tyre was repeopled and refortilied, and was able to oiler a strong but inetlectual resistance to Antigonus. About 287 it again became an Egyp- tian possession, till in 198 it fell to the Seleucidie, and, with the exception of a brief interval (83-69) TZADE UNCLEAN, UNCLEANNESS 825 of Armenian rule, it remained under its Syrian governors till in 65 it passed quietly into the Koman empire, receiving the status of a free city. In the 4th cent. A.D.

Jerome refers to Tyre as a beautiful city and ' an emporium for the commerce of the whole world.' It was made the seat of a bislioprie, and had two such talented but widely- diHerent citizens as Origen and Porphyry. Later on, it was taken bj' the Saracens in tlie 7th cent., recovered by the Crusaders in 1124, to fall ayain into the hands of the Saracens in 1291.

After relapsing for a time into the possession of Egypt, with minor intervals of Dnize and Venetian con- trol, it ceased to exist as maritime Tyre and be- came an Arab village. Few sites in the historical East present such an all'ecting and instructive record of persistent struggle, splendid achievement, and irretrievable doom.

By her ilestined pathway of commerce Tyre exerted upon the world an intluence that ranks with that of Jerusalem in religion, Athens in philo- sophy, and Rome in government. But to-day the steamers on tlie Syrian coast that call at tlie Bay of Acre and Zidon consider Tyre too insignificant to deserve a visit. After having been the niothet of colonies and mistress of the seas, bearing her mercliandise into otherwise unvisiled lands and adjusting the supply and demand of the world.

Tyre is now content at the close of her career to be a stagnant village in stagnant Turkey. LiTERATtTRB. — Thomson, Land and the Book; Robinson, HRP (Index) ; Rawlinson, liigt, of Fhcenicia, and Phoenicia in ' Stor>* of the Nations'; Kenrick, Phuniciai Movers, Vie Phonizier \ art. PudNiciA in present worlc (i. M. MaCKIE. TZADE (V).— The eighteenth letter of the Heb. alphabet, and as such employed in tlie 119th Psalm to designate the 18th part, each verse of which begins with tliis letter.

It is transliterated in this Dictionary by f. u