אוּל

אוּל

the body (as being rolled together); also powerful

Definition

The Hebrew noun אוּל (ʼûwl) carries the core meaning of 'strength' or 'power,' often describing physical might or vigor. In Psalm 73:4, it is used in the plural to describe the robust health and prosperity of the arrogant wicked, highlighting their apparent physical vitality. In 2 Kings 24:15, the term is applied to the elite and powerful men of Judah who were taken into Babylonian exile, emphasizing their social and military strength. The word's etymological connection to twisting or rolling suggests a concept of gathered, coiled power ready for action.

Biblical Usage

This rare word occurs only twice in the Old Testament. In 2 Kings 24:15, it describes the 'mighty men of valor' (KJV) or the powerful elite of the land whom Nebuchadnezzar deported. In Psalm 73:4, the plural form describes the physical strength and health of the prosperous wicked, contrasting with the psalmist's own perceived frailty. Both usages connote a tangible, often human, power—whether social, military, or physical.

Etymology

Derived from an unused Hebrew root meaning 'to twist' or 'to roll.' This root idea suggests strength that is coiled, gathered, or consolidated, much like a tightly wound rope. The semantic development moved from the concrete image of something twisted and firm to the abstract qualities of might and power.

Semantic Range

The word אוּל provides a nuanced perspective on power within the biblical worldview. In Psalm 73:4, it is part of the psalmist's struggle with theodicy, as the apparent strength and health of the wicked become a stumbling block. This challenges the reader to look beyond visible, temporal power to God's ultimate justice and strength. In 2 Kings 24:15, the deportation of Judah's 'strength' underscores God's sovereign judgment, showing that human power is ultimately subject to divine authority. In ancient Near Eastern culture, physical strength and martial prowess were highly valued attributes for leadership and social status. The term likely conveyed not just brute force but the consolidated power of a leading class—those with influence, wealth, and military capability. Its use in 2 Kings to describe exiled elites reflects this social dimension of 'strength.' חַיִל (chayil, H2428) — a broader term for might, wealth, or army, often translated 'valor' or 'resources.' כֹּחַ (koach, H3581) — denotes force, capacity, or ability, often physical or innate power. עֹז (ʻoz, H5797) — emphasizes might, strength, often used of God's power or a fortress.

Word Details