Cyrenid8

See QuiRlNius. CYRUS i^i, KOpoj).— The name of Cjrms Is written Kuras in Bab. cuneiform, Kurush in Old Persian. Ctesias stated on the authority of Pary- satis, the wife of the Persian king Ochus, that her youn''er son was named Cyrus from the sun, as 'the Persians call the sun KOpos' {Epit. PKot. 80; Plut. Artax. 1).

In Zend, however, the 'sun' is hwnrc, which could not take the form KOpos in Old Persian, though in modem Persian it is khur, and in certain Aram, dialects of the Pamir it is khir and kher. According to Strabo (xv. 3), the original name of Cyrus was Aprailates, his later name being adopted from that of the river Cjtus. But this is contrary to the fact that his grand- father's name was also Cyrus. The cla-ssical writers nave given contradictory accounts of his birth and rise to power.

Herodotus (L 95) says that he knew of three accounts ditrerent from the one he himself adopted, which was that Cyrus was the son of a Persian nobleman named Cambyses and Mandanfi, a daughter of the Median king Astyages, who had caiised her to marry beneath her station in consequence of a dream which the magi interpreted as predicting danger to himself from her son. A si'cnnd dreain induced him to order his relative Harpagus to kill the child.

HajpaguB gave it to the herdsman Mithridates to expose, but he and liis wife Spako brought it up as their o^vn. Subsequently Cyrus was reco^jnizen by Astyages, who, in consequence of the advice of the magi, sent him back to liis parents, but punished Harpagus by giving him the mutilated limbs of his own son to eat. Harpagus therefore persuaded Cyrus to lead the Persians into revolt ; after which the infatuated Astyages appointed him the general of the Median army.

"Tne result was an easy victory on the part of Cyrus ; Astyages, however, impaled the magi who had advised him to let his adversary go, raised another army, and himself led it into the field. But he was defeated and captured, though his life was spared, and Cyrus became king of Media as well as of Persia. Xenophon, in the romance of the Cyropmdia, gives a wholly difl'erent account. He makes Cambyses, the father of Cyrus, king of Persia.

CyruB is educated first in Persia and then by his grandfather Astyages j and when the latter is suc- ceeded by his son Cyaxares, Cyrus acts as his general, subduing the Lydians, Babylonians, and other nations, and finally succeeding him in the natural course of things. His first victory over the Babylonians was when he was sixteen years old, when Evil-Merod£ich wantonly invaded Media; the second when he was forty, when Neriglissar, the ally of Croesus of Lydia, attacked Cyaxares.

His final conquest of Babylonia took place before the death of the king of Media. Nicolaus of Damascus (vii. fr. 66) asserts that Cyrus was the son of a Mardian bandit named Atradates, whose wife Argostfl tended goats. He began his career as a servant in the palace of Astyages. Here he was adopted by Artembares, the cupbearer, and recommende<i to Astyages, who raised him to power and wealth.

Cyrus now made his father Atradates satrap of Persia, and urged by a ' Chalda>an ' began to plot against Astyages, with the help of Oibares a Persian. Eventually, after obtaining leave to visit Persia, where evervthing had been prepared for a revolt, he defeated, at Hyrba the troops which had been sent against him. In a battle before Pasarpadie, however, he and his general CEbares were driven within the walls, and Lis father was captured and soon afterwards died.

The Persians now fled to the precipitous mountain-peak where Cyrus had been reared, and there, excited by the taunts of their wives, they utterly overthrew their Median assail- ants and destroyed the kingdom of Astyages.

Ctesias calls Astyages Astjngas, and states that after his defeat by Cyrus he fled to Ecbatana, where he was concealed in the palace by his daujjhter Amytls and her husband Spitamas, whom Cyrus ordered to be tortured, along with their children Spitakes and Megabemes, to make them confess where he was. Astyages was put into fetters by (Etiares, but released by Cyrus, wlio married Aniytis after putting her husband to death.

All these versions have been shown to be nnhis- torical by contemporaneous cuneiform inscriptions. The most important of these are — (1) a cylinder inscription of Is'abonidus, the last king of the Hah. empire, from Abu Habba (Sippara); (2) an annal- istic tablet written shortly after the conquest of Babylonia by Cyrus; (3) a proclamation of Cyrus of the same date. The inscription of Nabonidus was composed soon after the conquest of Astyages by Cjtus in B.C. 549.

Nabonidus rails Astyages (Istuvigu) king of the Manda or 'Nomads,' whom the Assyr. texts identify with the Gimirr.1 or Cimmerians.

He states that the temple of the moon-god at Harran had been destroyed by the Manda, but that Merodach hml (inlori'd liini in a dream to restore it, assuring him that within three years ' Cyrus the king of Anzan, their little servant, with his small army, shall overthrow the widespread people of the Manda ; Istuvigu, the king of^ the people of the Manda, he shall capture, and bring him a prisoner to his own CdUMtry.'

542 CYRUS CYRUS The annalistic tablet, which, when complete, bejraa with the first year of the rei^ of Nabonidus, tells us that in the seventh year of the latter's reign (B.C. 549) Astyajres had marched against ' Cyrus, king of Ansan,' but that his army revolted against him and delivered him to Cyrus, who then marched to Eebatana, captured it, and carried its spoil to Ansan. Three years later (B.C.

546), Cyrus bears for the first time the title of ' king of Persia,' so that he must have gained possession of Persia between B.C. 549 and 546. In the latter year he crossed the Tigris below Arbela and conquered northern Mesopotamia as well as Armenia. In B.C. 538, aided by a revolt in southern Bab3'- loiiia, he attacked Nabonidus from the north. A battle was fought at Opis, which resulted in the defeat of the Bab.

army ; and a few days later, on the 14th of Tammuz (June), ' Sipnara was taken without fighting.' Nabonidus fled and concealed himself in Babylon, followed by Cobryas, the governor of Kurdistan, with the army of Cyrus. On the 16th, Gobrvas entered Babylon without resistance, and Na"bonidus was captured. The daily services went on as usual in the temples of the city, and the contract-tablets show that there was no disturbance of trade.

On the 3rd of Marcheshvan (October), Cyrus came to Babylon, and henceforth bore the title of 'king of Babylonia.' ' Peace to the city did Cyrus establish ; peace to all the province of Babylon did Gobryas his governor proclaim. Governors in Babylon he appointed. On the 11th of the month the wife * of Nabonidus died, and for six days there was mourning for her. On the 4th of Nisan, Cambyses conducted her funeral in the temple of Nebo.

After this, offerings to ten times the usual amount were made to the Bab. deities. The proclamation of Cyrus justifies his seizure of the Bat), crown, and declares that he had been called to it by BelMerodach, who was angry with Nabonidus.

He describes himself as ' king of the city of Ansan,' the son of Cambyses, king of Ansan, grandson of Cyrus, king of Ansan, and great-grand- son of Teispes, king of Ansan, and says that he had restored to their homes the exiles who were in Babylonia as well as their gods. He concludes by praying that the deities he has thus restored may daify intercede for him before Bel-Merodach and Nebo, whose ' worshipper ' Cyrus professes himself to be.

It is clear that the Greek writers have con- founded the Manda or nomad Scyths and Cim- merians with the Mada or Medes. Cyrus, moreover, like his ancestors, was not king of Persia, but of Ansan or Anzan, one of the most important divi- sions of Elam, which is stated in a cuneiform tablet to be the equivalent of Elam, and of which the native kings of Susa called themselves ruler.s. Teispes, the son of the Persian Achoemenes, seems to have con(iuered it at the time of the fall of the Assyr.

empire. The fact explains Is 21', as well as tne use of Susian as one of the three official languages of the Persian empire. At Behistun, Parius states that eight of his ancestors had been kings ' in a double line.' As Teispes was the father of his great-grandfather Ariaramnes, we should have exactly the eight kings, if we suppose that while the line of Cyrus was ruling in Anzan, that of Darius was reigning in Persia.

Another fact which is due to the cuneiform texts is, that the account of the siege of Babylon by Cyrus, given bj' Herodotus, is a fiction, derived probably from one of the sieges of the city by * Or, Aooorcling to the reading of Pinches, the boo. Darius Hystaspis. The date of the conquest of Astyages is also fixed.

The conquest of Crtesus and'the Lydian empire probably took place before that of Babjlon, as well as the reduction of the Greek cities in Asia Minor by the Medes, Mazares and Harpa^us. Before his death the empire of Cyrus extended from the Mediterranean to Bactria, and was thus larger than that of the Assyrians. Different stories are told of his death. Herodotus, who knew of mure than one, says that he was slain when invading the MassagetfE.

According to Ctesias, he had invaded the Derbikes, and after gaining a victory over them by stratagem, and capturing the son of their queen, Tomyris, was killed in a second engagement in which his troops were defeated. Diodorus asserts that he was taken prisoner by Tomyris, who crucified him ; while Xenophon makes him die peacefully, and be buried at Pasar- gada, seven years after the death of C3'axares. The Bab.

contract-tablets, on the contrary, prove that he reigned nine j-ears over Babylon and ' the empire,' dying in July B.C. 529. A year before his death he had made his son, Camtnses, king of Babylon. According to Herodotus, Cambyses was the son of Cassandana, the dau"liter of PharnaspSs. The supposed tomb of Cyrus at Murghab can hardly belong to the ^eat conqueror : it is difficult to reconcile its character and position with the account given by Arrian (vi.

29), and the figure on a neighbouring column, above whose head is the inscription, ' I am Cyrus, the king, the Akhae- menian,' is that of a winged demigod who wears an ECTptian head-dress. It can hardly, therefore, have Deen sculptured before the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. The most probable view is that it represents Cyrus the younger. The proclamation of Cyrus shows that he was not a Zoroastrian like Darius and Xerxes, but that as he claimed to be the successor of the Bab.

kings, so also he acknowled^d the supremacy of Bel- Merodach the supreme Babylonian god. tience the restoration of the Jewish exiles was not due to any sympathy with monotheism, but was part of a general policy.

Experience had taught him the danger of allowing a disaffected population to exist in a country which might be invaded by an enemy ; his own conquest of Babylonia had been assisted by the revolt of a part of its population ; and he therefore reversed the policy of deportation and denationalization which had been attempted by the Assyr. and Bab. kings.

The exiles and the images of their gods were sent back to their old homes ; only in the case of the Jews, who had no images, it was the sacred vessels of the temple which were restored (Ezr 1'-"). See RP, New Series, v. pp. 143 a". LnKRATCRg.— Herodotus 1. 95, 108-130, 177-214 ; Xen. Cymp. \ Ctesias, Persika, ed. Gilmore, vii.-xi. ; Nicotaua Dama$e*nus, (rg. 6ft-68 (Muller'8 Fragm. iiL pp. 406 ff.); L>io<ioru8 Sioilua, i»d. 19, Exc. pp. 239 f.; RP new scr. v. pp.

143-176 (where references are given to the various editions of the cuneiform texts); Clinton, Fasti Hellenici, i. ii. ; Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchies, iv. ch. vii.; Dunclter, Uist. of Antiquity, Eng. ed. V. ; Bildinger in the Sitzungsberichte of the Academy of Vienna, ic\-ii. 711 (I8S0); HaWvy in Rev. del Etudet Juives L (18S0) ; Floigl, Ci/rus and Herodot (1881) ; Bauer, Die Kurnnitage und r<mramff« (1882) ; Keiper. Die netientd^ckten Injtrhri/frn Ober Cyru« (1SS2) ; Sayce, Lt Mu»ion (1SS2).

pp. 648, 696. lUrodotva l.-iii. pp. 386 f., 438 ff.; Evere. Emporkominen dfr xyersiachen Macht vnter Kvros (1S84); Justi, Getch. der orignt. YittUr im AUertum.pp. 3719. (1884); Tiele, Bab. ■ Aiiyr. Gench. iv. 85 (1886) ; Winckler, Untersuch. zur altorient. lietch. i. pp. 109-132 ; Sayce. UCil ch. xi. (1893); PrAiek, Italian und rfajt Uatu da Ki/nxarex (1S90), Kamtryses und die Ccbcrtu'/frum} des Alter- thuinjiClS9~y, Tiele.

'CvnisdeOrooteen (legod'Jdienstvan Babel,' in MUanjrg Charles dt HarUz (1896). The latest ed. of Cyrus" Annalistic Tablet is bv Uager in DeUtzscb and Haupt's Beitragt iur^MVr. 11.(1881), 216 fl. A. H. SAYCK. D DAGGER 543 D D. — In critical notes on the text of the Gospels and Acta this symbol is used to indicate the readings of C'orfex Beza, a Grseco-Latin MS of the Gth cent, presen-ed in the Cambridge University Library. The text, both Greek and Latin, is wTitten sticho- metrically, i.e.

in lines of unequal len^'th, divided according to the sense — the Greek on the left, the Latin on the right hand pa"e of each opening. The Gospels are arranged in the order, Mt, Jn, Lk, Mk — an order found also in many old Latin MSS, the Gothic version, and in Const. Apost. ii. 57. Between Mk and Ac there is a gap wliich, according to the original numbering of the quires, must have contained 67 leaves (8 quires and 3 leaves). It closes with a fragment of a Latin version of 3 Jn """.

Clearly, therefore, the Epp. of Jn occuj^icd part of the vacant space (14 or 15 leaves). \\ liat else the missing leaves contained it is impossible to say. The other Catholic Epistle.s, if they were all present, would require about 30 leaves. This would leave 16 leaves (=2 quires) tinaccounted for ; and it is pos.sible, though not veiT likelj', that, as Scrivener suggests, the scribe had made a mistake of 2 in numbering bis quires at this point in the MS.

About 37 leavi-s are missing in other parts of the MS, and 12 are more or less mutilated. It is also mutilated at the end. The following passages are in consequence wanting in the (ireek Text — Mt ji-jo [37.1JJ gai.gj 27-''-", Jn P'-S^" [18"-20'-J, [Mk le"-*], Ac 8^-10" 21ii>-'8 22'»-»' 22» end. The gaps In the Latin are Mt 1'"" 6»-8" 26"-27', Jn l°-3'" [18»-20'], [Mk W-'^l The passages in square brackets have been supplied by a 9tli cent. hand.

The MS was written in all probability in Gaul, and Ilendel Harris has given good reason for believing that it did not travel far from its birth- place for the first 1000 years of its existence. During this period it was corrected at various times by eight or nine ditt'erent hands. Its modern history begins with the Council of Trent, whither apparently it was taken in 1546 by the Bishop of Clermont in Auvergne.

Stephens, in his 1550 edition, published readings from it derived from collations made for him by his friends in Italy — ^perhaps during this visit to the Council. When Beza pre.sented the MS to the University of Cambridge in I.')81, he stated that it had been taken from the Abbey of St. Irenseus in Lyons at the sack of that city in 1562.

It is for the most part the only witness among Greek MSS to a type of text which we know from the evidence of patristic quotations and the earliest versions to have been widely current as early as the 2nd cent. It has in consequence, especially in recent years, received a great deal of attention, notably in a most ingenious work by J. Kendel Harris, A Study of Codex Bezm ("Texts and .Studies'), 18!ll, and in two careful but not altogether convincing volumes.

The Old Syrinc Element in Codex Bezn^, 1893, and The Syro-Lotin Text of the Goxpds, by F. H. Chase, 1895. The problems raised by these writers will rui|uiro fuller treatment in connexion with the whole subject of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament.

An excellent e<lition of the MS, incln<ling a com- plete traiisiriiitiun of the text and a full introduc- tion, was pulilished by Scrivener in 1S64, and this year (1897) the University of Cambridge has undertaken to bring out an edition in photographic facsimile. Dj.— In the Epistles of St. Panl the same symbol — written more properly Dj to avoid confusion — is used to denote the readings of the MS in the National Library at Paris, the Codex Claro- montanus.

This is also a Graeco-Latin MS of the 6th cent, written stichometrically. It seems clear that it was the work of a Greek scribe, and that it remained for some time in scholarly Greek hands ; but there seems no decisive evidence to fix either the place where it was written or its hist home. The remarkable list of the canonical Imoks of Ol and NT inserted between Philemon and Hebrews — known as the Claromontane sticliomutry — points on the whole to a Western origin, — Carthage, Rome, or Gaul.

The Latin version is of great importance throughout. In Hebrews it is the main representative of the old Latin version of the epistle. It contains all the Pauline epistles virtually com- plete— including Hebrews. It has been most care- fully collated both by Tischendorf and Tregelles, and sumptuously edited by Tischendorf, 1852. J. O. P. Murray. D. — The symbol ordinarily used in criticism of Hex.

to signify the work of the Deuteronomist ; often so as to include also his school, although this creates confusion, which may be avoided by usin" for this sense tfi, D', and similar symbols. See Uexateucu. P. H. Woods. DABBESHETH (n^-jn), Jos 19".— A place on the borders of Zcbulun. The line is difficult to follow, but the extreme limits on N. and S. seem to he defined by the names Dabbesheth and Jokneam. In this case the ruin Dabs)ieh, on the hills E.

of Acco, may be intended, the only place where this name (meaning ' hump,' cf. Is 30") occurs. See SiVP, vol. i. sheet iiL C. R. CONDER. DABERATH (n-jD^n), Jos 19" 21f, 1 Ch 6".— A city of Zebulun given to the LeWtes, noticed as the extreme point on the S. E. border; now the village Dihiirieh at the foot of Tabor on the W. In the record of the connuests of Ramses II. (Brugsch, Hist. ii. p. 64) we learn that, about 1325 B.C.

, he attacked places in the Amorite country, named Dapur, Slialama(Shunein),Maroma(Meirfln), Ain Anamim, Kalopu (jpcrhaps Slialahftn), and Beitha Antha (Beth Anath) ; and of these places Shunem was in Lower Galilee, and Beth Anath and Meirfln in Upper Galilee. Dapur is thought to be Tabor or Dauerath, and is represented aa a walled town. But in Egyjitian the letters Land R are not distinguished, and the name may have been Dapul. In the latter ca.se Dihl in Upi>er Galilee would be the site.

See Diblaii. The site of Daheiath on Tabor was known in the 4tli cent. A.D. (Unumn.it icon, s.v. Dabiia), but wrongly identified with Debir. See S]VP vol. i. sheet vi. C. R. CONDKR.