Tidal (Hastings' Dictionary)

Kin^ of GollM, who, alon^' with Ariocli of EUasar and Amrajihel of Shiuur, followed his suzerain, Chudorlaonier of Elaui, in his campaigns in Palestine (tin H'-"). His name has recently been found * by Mr. Pinches in a cuneiform tablet {Up. iii. 2. 13) under the form of T\id^'hula in con- nexion with Eri-Aku of Larsa, Kli:uiiniu[rabi] of Babylon, and Kudur-Lajjhghamar of Klani. Tud- ghula is here called the son of Cjazzu[ni].

In another tablet relating to the same hi-storical events we read : ' Who is Kudur, Lagh^hamar, the worker of evil ? He has assembled the Umman Manda, he has laid waste the people of Bel {i.e. the Babylonians), and [has marched] at their side.' Tlie Umman Manda, or 'Barbarian Hordes,' were the mountaineers who lived to the north of Elam, and the name given to them is the Bab. equivalent of the lleb. Goiim. It seems probable, therefore, that Tudghula or Tid'al came trom the mountains J«.E.

of Babylonia. A. H. Sayce. TIGLATH, PILESER (ijN^rn^jn ; B 'A\yae<pe\- Xd<rap,, QaXyaOtpeWdffapf QaXya\(p€Wd(7aPf A 'A.y\ad- (paWdaap, L\ic. k)(y\a<pa\d(rap ; Assyr. Tuknlti-1'al- Esarra, ' (my) trust is (Ninip) the son of E-Sarra,' E-Sarra .signifying 'the Hou.se of Hosts.' The Heb. spelling of the hrst part of the name is neculiar, but precisely the same spelling is found in the Aram, inscriptions of Zinjerii, which are contemporaneous with the reign of Tiglath-pUeser.

In 1 C'li 5"- •" and '2 Ch '28-^ we lind the corrupt form Tilgath-pilneser [ir;^5'nj(i? ; B BaXya^aydcrap, hayyatpdpAaapt Ba\y<i<p€\\doap ; A Ba.y\ad(poXvd(ja.p ; Luc. B(y\aOif>a.\daap]). The Tiglalh-pileser of OT is Tiglath-pileser III. of the native monuments, whose original name was Pulu (tlie Pul of 2 K 15'"). He usurjied the Assyr. crown, the 13th day of lyyar, B.C. 745, after the fall of the older Assyr. dyna.sty, and assumed the name of Tighith-pileser from that of a famous Assyr.

king and conqueror who had reigned four centuries previously. In Babylonia, however, he continued to be known by his original name Pulu. Tiglath-pileser III., the founder of the second Assyr. emjiirc, was a man of great ability, both military and atlmiiiistiative. He introduced a new system of polity, the object of which was to weld the whole of W. Asia into a single empire, bound together by a bureaucratic oigaiiizalion. It was the hrst experiment in political centraliza- tion. He also est.

iblished a .standing army, w hich he made, by careful training and equi|jment, an irresistible enuine of war. And it was he who lirst devi.sed the system of satrapies and hnance which prevailed in the Persian empire of later daj-s. Immediately after his accession he marched into Babylonia, where he subdued the Aramu'an tribes and united the northern portion of the country to As.syria. In li.C.

744 he chastised the wild tribes on the eastern frontiers of his kingdom, penetrating into the remotest parts of Media. Next he had to defend him.self against Sarduris II. of Ararat and his allies from Asia Minor. These he defeated in a pitched battle, capturing no fewer than 72,950 soldiers of the enemy as well as the city of Arpad in N. Syria. Here he received tribute from various princes, including Kezin of Dama.scus and Hiram of Tyre. Arpad, however, revolted immediately afterwards. In U.C.

742, accordingly, • King, LHIert o/ UammuralH, L (1S98) p. lill, anrl Itall, Light /rom the Emt^ p. 70, however, quuatioo these Ideotitlco- tiooB. he began the siege of it ; but it did not fall till B.C. 740. In B.C. 739 the Assjrians came into conflict with Azariah of Judah (not Yadi in N. Syria, as has recently been suggested ; but see art. lTzziah, ajid A.SSVKIA, vol. i. p. 185"), whose allies from HaiRath were overthrown, and the 19 dis- tricts of Haiuath placed under Assyr. governors.

Meanwhile the Assyr. generals had suppressed a revolt among the Araiiucan tribes in Babylonia. Transportations of tlie conquered populations now took place on a large .scale. This was the be- ginning of a policy which was afterwards more tuUy developed by the Assyr. and Bab. kinj's. Tribute was ajiain brought to Tiglath-jiileser by the kings of Asia Elinor, Syria, and Palestine, among them being Menahem of Samaria (2 K 15'-'). In B.C.

737 there was another campaign in the east, the Medes and other neighbouring tribes being overrun, and in 736 war again broke out with Ararat. In B.C. 735 Ararat itself was in- vaded, and, though the capital Dhuspas (now Van) resisted capture, the country round it was ravaged to the extent of 450 miles. Next year (B.C. 734) Tiglath-pileser was summoned to the help of Aliaz of Judah, called Jchoahaz in the cuneiform texts, who had been attacked by Pekah of Israel and Kuzin of Damascus.

Kezin was defeated in a decisive battle, and fled to his capital, which was thereupon closely invested by the Assyrians. With another portion of his army T. now ravaged 16 districts of Syria, captured Sumahla (the modern Zinjerii), and descended on tlie kingdom of Samaria. Gilcad and Abel-[Betli-Maacah] were annexeil to Assjria (2 K 15^) ; tribute was received from Amnion and Moab ; the Philistine cities, Ekron, Ashdod, and Ashkelon, were conquered, and Gaza was plundered.

Edom was also compelled to submit as well as Samsi, queen of the Arabs of Saba or Sheba. Various cities of N. Arabia, in- cluding Tenia (now Teiina), were taken at the same time. In B.C. 732 Damascus fell at last, Kezin was put to death, and an Assyr. -satrap .appointed in his place. After the capture of Damascus, T. held a court there, which was attended by the subject princes, Kusta.spi of Comagenfi, Urikki of i;^u6, Sibittib.

ojil of Gebal, Eiiiel of Hamath, I'anammft of Samahla, Tarkhu-lara of Gurgum, Suluval of Milid (Malutiijch), Uas-survi of Tubal, Uskhitti of Tuna, Urpalla of Tukhana, Tu- khamiiiu of Istunda, Matan-bjuil of Arvad, Sanibu of Amnion, Solomon (Salamanu)of Moab, Metintiof Ashkelon, Jehoahaz (Yalui-khazi) of Judah, ^Caus- inalaka of Edom, and Klianun (Hanno) of Gaza. It was while he was at Damascus that Ahaz saw the altar of which he sent the jiattem to Jerusalem (2 K 16'"").

Soon afterwards Uas-survi of Tubal revolted : for this the people were lined, and a new king established over them. Metennaof Tyre was also forceil to become tributary to Assyria, and to pay 150 talents of gold to the Assyrian exclic(|uer. About B.C. 730 (or perhaps 733) Pekah of Samaria was murdered bj' Hoshea, whom T. claims to have appointed to the throne. In B.C. 731 the Assyr. king marched into Babylonia, and received an embassy from Meiodach-baladan, the Kald.

l prince who ruled in the marshes at the mouths of the Tigris and Eujihiatcs. Bnt it was not until U.C. 728 that he succeeded in occupying Babylon and receiving the crown from the hands of Bel, thereby making his title to the throne legitimate, and becoming king of Western Asia de jure. In the following year, B.C. 727, in the e.arly part of the month Tebct, ho dicil. He had built two palaces — one at Nineveh, the other at Calah (now ^imrud). A. H. Sayck.