Religion of the ot

A. Kuenen, De Godsdienst van Israél tot den ondergang van den Joodschen staat (Dutch, Haarlem, 1869-1870, 2 vols. ; Eng. tr. by May, London, 1874, 1875, 3 vols.]; H. Schultz, Alttest. Theologie, Braunschweig, 1869 [5th ed. Gottingen, 1896]; G. F. Oehler, Theologie des AT, herausge- geben von Herm. Oehler, Tiibingen, 1873, 1874, 2 vols. [8rd ed. by Theodor Oehler, Stuttgart, 1891]; A. Kayser, Die Theologt des AT in threr geschichtlichen Entwicklung, herausgeg von EH.

Reuss, Strassburg, 1886 [the 38rd edition of 1897 was completely revised by K. Marti and published as Geschichte der israelitischen Religion (4th edition 1903)]; Ch. Piepenbring, Théologie de l’ancien Testament, Paris, 1886 [intended also for educated laymen]; W. L. Alexander, System of Biblical Theology, Edinburgh, 1888, 2 vols.; Ed. Riehm, Alttest. Theologie, herausgegeben von K. Pahneke, Halle, 1889; K. Schlottmann, Kompendium der bibl. Theologie des AT und NT, herausgegeben von EH.

Kiihn, Leipzig, 1889 [2nd ed. 1896]; R. Smend, Lehrbuch der alttest. Religionsgeschichte, Freiburg and Leipzig, 1893 [2nd ed. 1899]; A. Dillmann, Handbuch der alttest, Theologie, aus dem Nachlass des Verfassers herausge- geben von R. Kittel, Leipzig, 1895; W. H. Bennett, The Theolo of the OT, London, 1896; T. K. Cheyne, Jewish Religious HA after the Exile, New York, 1898 [German tr., with the assistance throughout of the author, by H. Stocks, Giessen, 1899]; A.

Duff, OT Theology, or History of Hebrew Religion, London, 180i, 2 vols., and the same author’s History and Ethics of the Hebrews, London, 1902; A. B. Davidson, The hentia of the OT [posthu- mous work, ed. by S. D. F. Salmond], Edinburgh, 1904; K, Budde, Religion of Israel to the Exile, New York, 1899 [German edition under title ‘Die Religion des Volkes Israel bis zur Ver- bannung,’ Giessen, 1900]. This sketch of Budde’s is designed for a wider circle of readers, and so is F.

Giesebrecht’s Die Grundztige der israelitischen Religionsgeschichte, Leipzig and Berlin, 1904. IV. THE MORE CONSIDERABLE MonoGRAPHS (supplementary of the literature cited in the footnotes at the commencement of different sections of the above article).—F. Baethgen, Bettrdge zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte (i. ‘ Der Gott Israels und die Gotter der Heiden,’ Berlin, 1888); E. Sellin, Bettrdge zur israeli- tischen und jiidischen Religionsgeschichte (i.

‘Jahwes Verhilt- nis zum israelitischen Volk und Individuum nach altisraeli- tischer Vorstellung,’ Leipzig, 1896; ii. ‘Israels Giiter und Ideale,’ 1897) ; J. Koberle, Natur und Geist nach der Aufiassung des AT: eine Untersuchung zur historischen Psychologie, Miinchen, 1901. E. KavurTzscu. OF ABOVE ARTICLE. 8. Ritual practices : walking barefoot in sacred places, Pp: 6214; washing the person and the clothes efore approaching the presence of the Deity, p. 6214, ‘ 4.

No record of priests in pre-Jahwistic times, p. 6218. The sacral body, p. 6214, : 6. Periodical festivals: New Moon, p. 6215; Passover, p. 621>; Mazzéth, p. 6224; sheep-shearing, p. 622> 7. Course of procedure at festivals, p. 6225. 8. Circumcision, p. 622>, and Blood-revenge, p. 6234. Summary, p. 623, iii. MORAL CONDITIONS, p. 623%. FOUNDING OF THE RELIGION OF ISRABL (JAHWISM) BY MOSES A? Srnal, pp. 6242-634b, {. THE PERSON OF MOSES AS THE FOUNDER OF THB JAHWEH RELIGION, pp. 6246-6258, 1.

Question of the historicity of the traditions re- IL. garding: the life of Moses, p. 624; his claim to ; Ee e the organ of a special revelation, p. 624, 4 & Paucity of references to Moses outside the | Hexateuch, and especially to his work as the | founder of a religion, p. 6254, fi, JAHWEH PROCLAIMED BY MOSES AS THE GOD OF ISRAEL, pp. 6252-629», 1. Moses’ view of Jahweh only henotheistic, not monotheistic, p. 6254. 2. Derivation of the name ‘ Jahweh,’ p. 625», 8.

Source of Moses’ knowledge of Jahweh: the Kenite hypothesis, p. 626». 4. Human form attributed to Jahweh, p. 627%, 5. The Néhushtan, p. 6284, 6. The sacred Ark, p. 6284. RELIGION OF ISRAEL iil, THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTER OF JAHWISM AS THE RE- LIGION OF ISRAEL, pp. 629>-632>, 1. Misuse of the term ‘theocracy,’ p. 629» f. 2. The bérith at Sinai, p. 630 ; its historical character, p. 631% ; ethical henotheism implied init, p. 632, lv.

THE STAMP OF JAHWISM ON OUTWARD ORDINANCES IN THE TIME OF MOSES, pp. 632-634, Be Difficulty of holding that any exclusive priestly ; order was instituted by Moses, p. 6334. \2.. The Passover the only religious festival, p. 633b, ~ 8. Custom the ruling factor in social life, p. 633», ‘4, Is the Decalogue in any form Mosaic?, p. 633», IIL Toe RELIGION oF IsRAKL IN CANAAN IN THE PRE-PROPHETIO PERIOD, pp. 634-6718, i. THE SOURCES, p. 634», Hi. CONCEPTION OF GOD, pp. 6352-644», 1.

Henotheism, not Monotheism, still the stand- oint, p. 635», 2. Jahweh the God of Israel, and Israel the people of Jahweh, p. 635>. (a) Jahweh as the war-God, p. 635», (0) The hérem executed in honour of Jahweh, p. 6364, (c) The name Jahweh Zeba’éth, ‘Jahweh of Hosts,’ variously explained of («) hosts of ‘demons,’ p. 636%; (8) heavenly hosts, i.e. angels, p. 6362; (7) the earthly hosts of Israel. Objections to this last view repelled, p. 636>f.

Jahweh Zéba' oth is specially the war-God as re- resented by the sacred Ark, p. 6378; B) later use of the title to express the supramundane power and glory of Jahweh, p. 637». & Distinction between the (c) 5, A ” ‘name ,, 9 4 Images of Jahweh, p. 6415, (a) The pesel, p. 641», » ‘éphéd, p. 641>, c) ,, térdphim, p. 642». (d) Jeroboam’s golden bulls, p. 6438. 6. Angels and half-mythological figures, p. 6434. (a) Béné ’élohim, mal’akh, p. 6434 f. (b) Seraphim, p. 643>. (c) Cherubim, p. 6442.

i SYNCRETISM BETWEEN JAHWEH AND THE CANAANITE BAAL. DEFEAT OF BAAL THROUGH JAHWEH'S BEING FINALLY LOCALIZED IN CANAAN, AND COMING TO BE CONCEIVED OF AS GOD OF HEAVEN, pp. 644-6484, 1. Circumstances which tended to involve Israel in the cult of the Canaanite Baal, p. 6454, 2. Unhistorical character of the religious conditions sketched by the Deuteronomic redactor of the Books of Kings, p. 645».

& Causes which led finally to the superseding of religious syncretism by the exclusive worship of Jahweh, p. 645». @) Localizing of Jahweh in Canaan, p. 6463, b) Conception of Jahweh as enthroned in heaven, p. 646>, & Introduction of the cult of the Tyrian Baal by Jezebel and ‘Athaliah, p. 6474. lv Tae ORGANS OF GENUINE JAHWISM: PRIESTS, PRO- PHETS, NAZIRITES AND RECHABITES, ‘ JUDGES’ AND KINGS, pp. 648*-6614. 1. Priests, pp. 6482-650», 1.

Scanty traces of a priesthood in the pre- Prophetic period, p. 6484. 2, Eli and ee descendants. Meaning of 18 227ff., . 648d, 8. Spiritual and religious significance of the priesthood during this period, p. 649. 2 Prophets, pp. 650-6574. 1. Relics in Jahwism of semi-magical practices, p. 650%, ; 2. The ‘seer’ (75 or ]N): Moses, Balaam, De- borah, Samuel, Gad, p. 6514, & The ‘prophet’ ('2:). The nébt’im of early times quite different from the later Jahweh prophets, p. 652? ff.

4 Forerunners of the ‘prophets’ proper : Gad, Bean, Ahijah of Shiloh, Jehu ben-Hanani, 653 p. i §& Prophetism strongly developed in the Nor- thern kingdom in the 9th century: (a) Elijah, p. 6549; (6) Elisha, p. 655%; (c) Micaiah ben-Imlah, p. 656%. 6 The nédi’im associated with Elijah and Elisha, p. 656%. & Mazirites, pp. 6574-6598. 1. Original sense of the word nazir, p. 6578. 2. Three restrictions connected with the Nazir- ate, p. 657». 8 The Nazirate of Samson, p. 657. 4.

The Nazirate in Am 21f, p. 658. 6. The Nazirate in Nu 6, p. 658». ¢ RELIGION OF ISRAEL 733 &. Rechabites, p. 659. 1. Testimony of 2 K 1015f, p. 6598, 2. oe », Jer 35, p. 6598, 8. Religious significance of the Rechabite mode of life, p. 6594, 6. ‘Judges’ and kings, p. 659>f, 1. The spirit of Jahweh in the ‘ judges,’ p. 659, 2 oo» a imparted to kings by anointing, p. 659». 8. Favourable estimate of the monarchy im the early sources, p. 660, v. CULTUS AND MANNERS, pp.

6612-665, 1, The ‘high places’ (baméth), p. 6618. 2. Sacrifice the central feature of the cultus, p. 6618. 8. Festivals: (a) the Sabbath, p. 6624 ; (b) the New Moon, p. 6624; (c) the three regular annual festivals — Unleavened Bread, Weeks, Harvest, p. 6622. Joyous character of the ancient fes- tivals, p. 662, 4. Consulting the oracle: Urim and Thummin, p. 6625, 6 Custom closely connected with religion, as the ruling force in morals, p. 6638, 6.

The stories of the patriarchs the truest reflexion of pbs manners and morals of this period, p. 6636, 7. Examination of the alleged indifference of the early sources to moral aberrations on the part of the chosen people, p. 6642. & Elevated morality of the Book of the Covenant, p. 664. Comparison with Code of Hammurabi, . 6654, vi. ANTHROPOLOGY AND THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE (WELTANSCHAUUNG), pp. 6652-6718. 1. Man’s personality, p. 6658. a) The seat of life: breath, blood, p. 6658.

b) Origin of life traced to God, p. 665». c) Distinction between human and animal life, Ga. p. 6664, (d) ‘ Traducianism,’ not ‘ Creationism,’ doctrine of OT, p., 6667. (e) The flesh not regarded as the seat of sin, Ae 6665, (S) Nephesh and raah, p. 666>. 2. Man’s destiny, p. 6674. (a) Story of Paradise and of the Fall, p. 667», (b) Conception of Sheol, p. 6684. & Origin of the world, p. 669», a) The Jahwistic story of Creation, p.

669», bd) The question of how far the uence of Babylonian myths is traceable in the OT: («) story of the Deluge undoubtedly based on a Babylonian archetype, p. 6708; (8) supposed OT allusions to Marduk’s con- flict with Tiamat, p. 6708; (7) attempts to assign a mythological sense to the vessels of Solomon’s temple, p. 6714. IV. THe PERIOD OF THE WRITING PROPHETS, DOWN TO THE EXILE, . 6718-701». i. 'HE SOURCES, p. 671° ff.; (a) exclusively religious aims of the Prophetical literature, p.

671; (6) lack of the idea of ‘literary property,’ p. 671». fl NAME AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WRITING PRO- PHETS, pp. 6724-675». 1. ‘ Prophets’ and ‘seers,’ p. 6724. 2. The prophetic ‘call,’ p. 672». 8. Prophetic ecstasy, p. 6734. 4. Examination of the ‘ cataleptic theory,’ p. 678. 6. The ‘ vision,’ p. 673>. General and special inspiration, p. 673». 7. The subjects of prophetic announcement, p. 674». 8. gi prophetic ministry discharged without fee, p. 6746, .

Oracles against foreign peoples, p. 6754. 10. Conditional character of prophecy, p. 6758. iii, Zaz Forms oF DIVINE REVELATION TO THE PRO- PHETS, pp. 6752-676». 1. The ‘ word,’ p. 675». 2. The ‘vision,’ p. 675». device, p. 676%. i The vision of Isaiah, p. 676+. Sometimes only a literary b) Visions of Amos and Jeremiah, p. 6765. c » ») Ezekiel, p. 6764. d) 4, 4, Zechariah, p. 676», iv. THE pA enced OF THE PROPHETIC MESSAGE, pp. 676>- 6 1.

The ‘word’: difference between actual address and form finally committed to writing, P 676», 2. Devices of style adopted for purpose of heighten- ing the effect of the address, p. 6774. 8. Symbolical actions : @ in Isaiah, p. 677>; (b) in Jeremiah, p. 677> ; (c) in Ezekiel, p. 678 ; (d) in Zechariah, p. 678». v. THE ee OF THE PROPHETIC MESSAGE, pp. 678>- 697. 1. The conception of God, p. 678». @) The Person of God, p. 6798. bd) Angels no longer mediate between God and man, p. 679».

(c) Polemic against images of Jahweh, p. 679%. 734 RELIGION OF ISRAEL , @ The solity of Jahweh, p. 6808. (e) Attributes of Jahweh : («) holiness, p. 6814 ; (8) omni ence an goodness, mercy, p. 684, 2 Relation of Jahweh to Israel, p. 6845. (a) The OT conception of the Fatherhood of God, p. 684, «) The election of Israel, p. 684». G ) tence, p. 683>; (7 3) omnipres- The Divine jealousy, p. 6854. Jahweh’s guidance and protection of Israel, p.

6852, (¢) Jahweh’s demands upon Israel : («) the Pro- phetic view of sacrifice and other external services, p. 6854; (8) specifically ethical character of the duties enjoined, p. 687° ff.; trust in God and love to man, p. 687> ; the Deuteronomic legislation characterized, p. 687» f. ; (y) the Prophetic view of the capa- bilities of human nature, the forgiveness of sin, and retribution, p. 688» f. 8. Relation of the people to Jahweh, p. 689>. Israel’s failure to realize the Divine ideal, p.

689>. (a) plait and false worship of Jahweh, p. 6908. @) Mistaken notions about the character of Jahweh, p. 690, (c) Low state of morals, p. 690, 4. Attitude of the Prophets to the corrupt moral condition of the people. p. 6918. Were the pre prophets messengers of woe only ?, I. a, @ The position of Amos, p. 691. The ‘ Day of the Lorn,’ p. 691», Hosea, p. 6924. Isaiah, p. 692b, Micah, p. 693, Op + . Jeremiah, p. 693», & The so-called ‘ Messianic prophecy,’ p. 694». (a) Meaning of the term, p.

694>. Questions of authenticity and literary criticism, p. 695. @) Messianic prophecies in the narrower sense : («) Is 714, 8 6952 ; (8) Is 91-6 and 111-9, P 695» ; (y) Mic 51f, p. 6968; (5) Jer 235f., p. 6964, (©) Messianic prophecies in the wider sense : (a) Is 73, p. 6965; (8) Hos 220. 23f, p, 696b; (y) Zeph 311-18 BR 6978 ; (5) Jer 1214f., p, 6078 ; ¢4) Jer 3181-04, p, 6972, vi. THE EXTERNAL COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELIGION OF ISRAEL DURING THE PERIOD OF PRE- EXILIC PROPHECY, pp.

697-701», J. Features common to the Northern and Southern kingdoms, p. 697», 2. Points of difference, p. 6984. 8. Circumstances that heightened the religious pres- tige of Judah, p. 698». 4, Influence of Isaiah and his disciples, p. 698». 6. The time of Manasseh. Lacwna in the Prophetical succession, p. 699%, 6 Zephaniah’s account of the religious and moral conditions of his time, p. 7002, 7. Jeremiah’s work, p. 700%. Hilkiah’s discovery of Deuteronomy, and its results, p. 700>f.

Bitter experiences of Jeremiah, p. 7014. V. Egenren, pp. 701>-705>, 1. Ezekiel’s relation to the Priests’ Code, p. 7013. 2. Conception of God, p. 7014. 8. Israel’s relation to Jahweh, p. 702. Responsibility of the individual, p. 7024. 4, Ezekiel’s denunciations of Israel’s ‘idolatry,’ includ- ing (a) improper worship of Jahweh, p. 7024; (b) alliances with the heathen, p. 702», 6. Judah’s guilt more heinous than Israel’s, p. 702b. 6. Special charges against Jerusalem, p.

702>, The ap- proaching judgment, p. 702». 7. A remnant to be saved, p. 7034, 8. The Messianic element in Ezekiel, p. 703». 9. Threatenings against foreign nations, p. 703». 10. The onslaught of Gog, and his destruction, p. 704. ll. Ezk 40-48, pp. 7048-705», (a) One underlying idea—the conserving of the holi- ness of God, p. 7048. (0) The Us deeds about the temple and the city, 4 p. i c) Partition of the land, p. 704», d) The temple spring, P: 704», e) The festivals, p.

704, ) Pre-eminence accorded to the. Zadokite priests, p. 7058. (g) Special function of the priests to teach the dis- tinction between holy and profane, clean and unclean, p. 705%. hk) The nasi or ‘ prince,’ p. 7054. i) Ezekiel’s intentions as to the fulfilment of his programme, p. 705». VI. THe s0-CALLED DrurrrRo-Isatan, pp: 705>-708», 1. The critical question, p. 705>, 2, Lofty viewpoint of Deutero-Isaiah, p. 70@s. 8. Conception of God, p. 706. ” ” ) ” ” ” » omniscience, p.

6848; (¢) love, y 8. Messianic expectations, p. he7a, RELIGION OF ISRAEL 4. Power of the prophetic ‘ word,’ p. 706. 6. God’s purpose with Israel, p. 706». 6. Cyrus the Divine instrument of Israel's delivetance, p. 7078. The future of Israel, p. 7078 Is 4316f, 4922f,, p, 7078. 7. The Servant of Jahweh, p. 7074. VII. REMAINING EXILIO PROPHECIES, POST-EXILIO PROPHEOY, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF APOCALYPTIC, pp. 708b-7158, i, THE SOURCES, p. 708. fi.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, Me 7098, CONCEPTION OF GOD, AND ETHICS, p. 709%. iv. THE CULTUS, p. 710+. v. ESCHATOLOGY, pp. 710-7164. 1. Men’s thoughts turned to the future through the hardships of the present, p. 710». 2. The ‘ Day of the Lorn,’ p. 710%. 8. Destruction of Israel’s enemies, and restoration of Israel, p. 7112. 4. Prophecies in which particularism is more or less overcome, p. 711, 6. Bpeday blessings reserved for the new Jerusalem, 128, p. 6. Traces of ‘legal’ religion, p. 712%, .

Messianic expectations, p. 713. Approaches to apocalyptic, p. 713». 9. ayrete” proper. The Book of Daniel, p. 148 VIII. Tae Priests’ Cope (P), pp. 7168-728», i. THE SOURCES, p. 715%. ii, ConcEPTION OF GoD, p. 715». 1. The Creation narrative, p. 715%. 2. Avoidance of anthropomorphisms, p. 715%, 8. The Divine image and its results, p. 715, fii, Taz aires TIONS OF THE THEOORAOY, pp. T1— 2 1. The bérith with Noah, p. 7164, 2. * » Abraham, p. 716. 8. a at Sinai, p. 716, 4. The Ceremonial Law, pp.

716-722». (a) Holy places, p. 7174: («) The Tent of Meet- ing, p. 7174; (8) Priestly and Levitical cities, p. 7175; (y) the Sabbatical year and the year of jubile, p. 717. b) Holy times (festivals), p. 7184. c) Holy persons: («) Israel the special posses sion of Jahweh, p. 718; (6) the organiza. tion of the priesthood, p. 7194; Ol @ Levites, p. nd! the eres > = ) Holy property : («) meaning and efficacy o} sacrifice, p. 7204; the sémtkhdh, p. 720. The question of a satisfactio vicaria, p.

720, The presenting of the blood, p. 7214, (8) The various kinds of sacrifice ; (i.) the sin-offering and the guill-oferor . 7214; (ii.) the burnt-offering, p. 7219; bi) the meal-offerings, p. 7228. 6. The ethical system of P, p. 722. IX. THs RELIGIOUS Lyric AND Evxciac PorTRY (Books of Psalms and Lamentations), pp. 723>-7284, 1, Conception of God, p. 7244. ; (a) epige exalted notion of the Divine being, p 248, (b) One apparent limitation, p. 724%. (c) The béné ’élohim, p. 724%.

(d) The Divine attributes, p. 724». 2. Anthropology outside the sphere of Jahwism proper OOnT p. 7258, 8. Nature and history of the Theocracy, p. 725% 4, The theocratic institutions, p. 725». 6. The character of the religion of the Psalms, p. 725», a) A life of prayer, p. 7264. b) Dependence on, and trust in, God, p. 7264. , 6. Morality, p. 726>, The ‘imprecatory peaita. p. 726», 7. The doctrine of retribution, p. 726. 9. The question of personal immortality, p. 728%.

X: THE s0-CALLED HokHMAH (WisD0M) LITERATURE (Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes), pp. 7284-7324, Introduction : the ‘ wise’ as a class, p. 7284. 1, Proverbs, pp. 728>-7296, ‘a) Literary questions, p. 728>. b) Religious speculation : personification of Wisdom, p.. 7298, (c) Standpoint of the book utilitarian and yet re- ligious, p. 729. @ The doctrine of retribution, p. 729%, 2. Job, pp. 729>-731. (a) Critical questions: the Elihu-speeches not genuine, p. 729> f.

_ () Angelology: the béné ’Hidhim and the Satan, 308. > The meaning of Job 1925f., p. 7308. ) The theodicy of the book, p. 730%, 8. Ecclesiastes, pp. 73147324, (a) Standpoint of the Preacher, p. 731%. Composite character of the book, p. 7314 note. (®) Ecclesiastes a final demonstration of the insuffi- ciency of the Law and the need of Christ, p. 7328. Literature, p. 732. INDEXES TO THE COMPLETE WORK (INCLUDING THE EXTRA VOLUME) eee I. AUTHORS AND THEIR ARTICLES . ° ° ° e e Il. SUBJECTS .

; : F 5 ‘ ° . ° Il]. ScRIPTURE TEXTS AND OTHER REFERENCES . 5 a : 4 4 IV. HEBREW AND GREEK TERMS . A : e e ot e V. ILLUSTRATIONS 2, ; . ‘ 5 F : VI. Maps e @ e o e e e e e e ee ee ee ee es Oe Y. INDEX OF AUTHORS ——+——— AUTHORS’ NAMES, AND LIST OF THEIR PRINCIPAL ARTICLES. ,As arule, only those articles which occupy at least a column are included in the following liste, Articles whose title is followed by ‘{Ext.]’ will be found in the Extra Volume]. ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL, M.A.

, Editor of the Jewish Quarterly Review, and Reader in Talmudic in the University of Cambridge. «New Moon, Time, Trumpet. ADAMSON, Rev. A., M.A., B.D., Dundee. Reconciliation. ADENEY, Rev. WALTER F., M.A., D.D., Profe sor of Theology and Principal of ‘the Lancashire College, Manchester.

Augustus, Blessedness, Blessing, Cesar, Ceesar’s Household, Centurion, Contentment, Decision, Governor, Man, Martha, Mediator (Mediation), Offence, Preaching, Publican, Self-surrender, Teacher (Teaching), Temper- ance, Woman, Worship (in NT); besides some shorter articles. AGLEN, Ven. A. S., M.A., D.D., Archdeacon of St. Andrews. Beth-horon, Compassion (Pity), Friend, Hand, Lord, Rahab (the harlot), Shiloh (Gn 491%); and a few shorter articles. ALLEN, Rev. WILLOUGHBY C., M.A.

, Chaplain, Fellow, and Lecturer in Theology and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford. Asherah, Gershon, High Place, Kohath, Merari ; besides some shorter articles. BacHER, W., Ph.D., Professor of Biblical Studies in the Landes-Rabbinerschule, Budapest. Sanhedrin, Synagogue. BACON, Rev. BENJAMIN WISNER, M.A., D.D., Professor of New Testament Criticism and In- terpretation in Yale University, New Haven. enealogy of Jesus Christ. BANKS, Rev. JOHN S., D.D.

, Professor of System- atic Theology in the Headingley College, Leeds. Conversion, Hardening, Hope, Jealousy, Joy, Justice, Liberty, Meekness, Perfection. BARNES, Rev. W. EMERY, M.A., D.D., Fellow and Chaplain of Peterhouse, and Hulsean Professor of Divinity, Cambridge. Armour, Army, Banner, Camp, Israel (History of), Judges (Period of), Legion, Shield, Sling, Spear, Sword, Tower, War; and a few shorter articles. BARTLET, JAMES VERNON, M.A., D.D.

, Professor of Church History in Mansfield College, Oxford. Didache [Ext.], Epistle, Helps, Matthew (Evangelist, and Gospel of), Regeneration, Saint, Sanctification.