Trumpet

Among the wind instruments of the Hebrews (see Music, § 2, e and /) were two, sho- p/idr and lidzozerak, which are variously rendered in A V by ' trumpet,' 'trump,' and 'cornet.' The more ancient of these, especially used for secular purposes, except in P, was the horn or shophdr (L\X Kiparivi} or irdXiriyi). The latter word is used by Philo, who describes the feast of the 1st of 'Tishri as the feast of the erdXiri-n-ct (Wendland, Neuenideckte Fraginente Philo's, p. 11 ; Schiirer, GJV^ ii. p. 4.

50). The Heb. name i£w is probably derived from a root meaning to be bright, in reference to the clear, sharp, piercing tone of the instrument. That it was matle of horn is attested not only by the tradi- tion of the synagogue, but also by the interchange between ijic and yrp, ('horn'); see Jos 6''-'. As, moreover, the word SnV ('ram,' whence 'Jubilee,' see Sabbatical Year) is often associated with shophdr, the original instrument was probably made of a ram's liorn (cf. Nowack, Heb. Arch. i.

277). Some authorities suggest that possibly in later times an instrument of similar shape was made of metal (Benzinger, Heb. Arch. 277 ; Kirk- palrick on Ps 98^ etc.) The modem synagogue, which still uses the shophdr in the months of Elul and Ti.shri, preferentiallv employs the ram's horn, but the Mislina (Itoxh Hasluina iii. 2) permits the use of the horn of any (clean) animal • xcept the cow. Driver {Joel and Amos, p.

144) delines the biblical shophdr, however, as ' the curved horn of a cow or ram.' 'The Mishna {ib. § 3) specially men- tions the straight horn of the ibex as used in the temple. The common crook form is pictured in vol. ii. p. 462, but Asiatic Jews prefer spiral forms similar to the trumpets of the Hindu priests. Among the exhibits at the Anglo-Jewish Exhibi- tion (1887, Catalogue, p.

97, beautifully illustrated by Frank Haes, Edition de Luxe) was one from Aden, made from the splendid horn of the koodoo (cf. F. L. Cohen, Jewish Chronicle, Sept. 1, 18'J!I, p. 25). Thus the shophdr, though preferentially made in Western lands of the ram's iiorn, may be constructed of the horn of any sheep, goat, or ante- lope, growing separately from its core, and it 'varies in shape from absolute straightncss through a gradual curve to the sjiiral.'

The cronk is pre- ferred, not, as modern Jewish homilists liolil, for symbolical reasons, but ' because of the same acoustic eflects consequent on such a curve, as decided the form of tiie ancient Roman cavalry trumpet, or the modern saxophone. The trumpet of the Roman cavalry was, indeed, only a large thophdr, elegant! V fashioned in bronze (Cohen, xb.) The ancient preferential use of the rani's horn was stren^ thened by the association of the E>ay of the Tnnnpet (Ist o!

Tishri) m later Jeu-ish ritual with the narrative of the offerin(- of Isaac ((in 22i^. The whole chapter is read in the synuiro^iea on the 2nd of Tifihri. and references to the incident abound In the ritual of the festival). The horns now use<l are sometiniea can'ed, and adorned with golrlen crowns and Hebrew inscrip- tions, but no metallic attachment is permitted at the mouth- piece {Shxtlchan ArxLch, Orach Chayim, § 6iji ff .

For an ex- cellent account of the construction of the shophdr, with illustrations, see O. Adler, Proeeedinga of the U.S. J/tM«um, xvi. 287-301 ; Reports, 1892, 437^50 ; 1899, p. 648). As in the modem eynafjo^ie, so in the Bible, the shdp/ulr is associated "(to«:etlier w ilh certain special otlV;rin«;s, Nu •29-''*) with tlie feast held on the new moon (see New MooN) of the sevtiiitli month.

This feast is an addition to tl»e Calendar of the Feasts in P (Lv 23^"^, Nu 2d^-% In the seventh month, on the hrst day of the month, shall be a solemn rest unto you [nur^ P"'?!) a memorial of blowing:; of trumpets' (Lv 23-). * It is -vni"? Dv, a day of blowing of trumpets unto you.' Thus the precise instrument is not named in the Hebrew (LXX has ffaXiriyytav in Lev., whence tlie plural ' trumpets' in AV. The synaj^'ogue uses only one instrument. In Num.

the LXX has sijiiply ijfjJpa cTTjfiaffias — a day of signalling'), but the shophdr is obWously intended, lor tiie term tcruahy though also used of the hctzozerak (Nu 10^) and the cymbal (Ps 150), is connected with the sJtdphdr in several passages (see esp. Lv 25^, a passage on which the Slishna rightly relies).

The exact musical notes intended are unknown ; indeed the rude horn has no precise note, and various examples not only differ in this respect from one another, but from one and the same shophdr very different effects are produceable. Greater attention was probably paid to rhythm and length tlian to the actual musical sounds, and this is still the case, ' Any sound is satisfactory,' runs the Rabbinical prescript, but tradition confesses itself unable to be more pre- cise.

In tlie lUble various terms are used : V\<^ (whence the term yipj? Ezk 7" for ' trumpet,' and tiie New Heb. Ukiah for a note on the same instru- ment) to sm-itCt hence to produce a sharps clear note ; ^5*0 to drmo out or prolong (whence perhaps the tfkiah gcdolah, or great tckiah of the modem synagogue; cf., however, Is 27^^); and y'"!T (whence tne biblical teruah) to produce a trembling^ vibra- tory note, or a series of quick blasts.

The Rabbinical ritual, unable to identify the biblical notes. Erescribed three sounds : the simple tt'kuih, the t^ritah produced y vibrating the lips and not the /thfiphiir, and the sh^hdrim or three short broken notes. The baal tu/y^ah, who blows the «AouA(ir, utters the benediction, ' Blessed art thou O Lord our Gtwi, li'uig of the Universe, who host sanctified us by thy com- mandments and commanded us to hear the sound of the ahojjftdr.'

The number of distinct notes varies in dilTerent rites (from 30 to 100). A whole section of the mu,saph or additional service of the Day of tlie Trumpet is known &» the ghuphfirMh ^.Mishna, Ro»h Ua»h>tna, iv. 6); it consists of a collection of scriptural passa^^es in which the shophdr is men- tioned (see Singer, Authoriztd Daily J'rayer-Book, p. 252 ; and on the New Year Lituryy, Friedmann in JQIi i. e2).

These passages refer chiefly to the giving of the Law at Sinai and to the future redemption, and the ossot-intion of the shophdr with the latter event often occurs in the NT ('Last trump,' 1 Co 16^2; cf. ITh 4i«, Mt 24a', 2Ks (?2i, and Is 2713, Zee 9»^). Thus the shophdr plays itM part not only in the biblical feast, but also in the general scheme of the later New Year celebrations.

The festival haw, from early Itahhinical times, been known as njy-n &NT (New Year; see TiiiB), fn;jri dH'C Day of Memorial'; cf. Lv 23^), and ]^-^_ri qV (' Day of Judgment). The festival has been spiritualized into a solemn day of self-introspection, and the shofihdr is regarded as a signal, culling to inner and outward repcnliinee.

In anticipation of the feast itself, the $hophdT is with this object sounded in many synagogues throii;,'hout the previous month Klul, morning and evening, with tlie exception of the Sahbaths. (If the Ist of Tishri happen to fall on a Saturday, the shuphdr Is not sounrled, excci)t in certain Kcformcd Jewish congregations. In the temple the shophdt was of course soundwl on the Sabbath)- So, t-oo.

after the festival, the shojihnr Is (lounded (among the Senhardic Jews) on the 7th day of Tabernacles iUttfha'ana liah'ni) during the seven circuila of the imlinH. This last act completes the penitentiary cycle, which includes the Day of Atooement. The whole period is 816 TRU]\rPET TRUTH the most eolemn in the modern Jewish Calendar, and it is noteworthy that Rabhinical Judaism has in tliis case, oa in eeyeral others, developed the biblical prescriptions in a purely spiritual direction.

One of the finest sections in Maimonides' Code (Mislnuh Torah) is the section on Penitence (r\yvR * return '), in which the ideas of a sense of sin, regret, and practical nniendnient are, on the basis of Rabhinical concep- tions, combined into a remarkable and beautiful whole.

It should he added that the ^~i^p'J or binding of Isaac on the altar plays in the liturgy of the 6ynaj,'Ogue for the New Year a r61e in some, though not in tlie most characteristic, aspects not unlike that of the Crucifixion in the theology and liturgj' of the Christian Church. The otlier uses of the shophdr are not easily dis- criminated from those of the hazozcrah, and tlie two instruments must be considered in conjunc- tion. The hdzOzernh dilfored from tlie shophdr in sha])e (see vol. iii.

p. 462 f.), beinjr nearly a yard long, a straight slender tube with a slight expansion at the mouth and a bell-shaped end (Jos. Ant. III. xii. 6 ; so Arch of Titus and Coins). It also differed in material, as it w^as made of metal ('beaten silver,' Nu 10^). The hAzozSrah was the sacred clarion, and was closely connected (mostly in P and Chron.) with the later temple service as described in Chronicles. It was a more musical instrument than the shophdr, and was used almost e.

xclusively by the priests. As a secular instrument, the hcizozerah is mentioned in Hos 5', together with tlie shophar, as used to signal the approach of an invading army. ' Previously to the Exile,' says Cheyne (ad loc), 'the cornet [shophdr] and the trumpet (hdzozSrah) were prob- ably different names for the same instrument, as the Law (Nu 10'""" 31') prescribes the use of the silver trumpet in cases when, according to the prophetic and historical books, the cornet or shophar was used.

In writings of post-captivity origin (Pa 98=, 1 Oh 15^8, 2 Ch 15") they appear to re]iresent different instruments, or rather slightly different varieties of the same instrument.' Per- haps in 2 K 11" the hazozcrah is a secular instru- ment (so Oxford Hehre,w Lex. p. 348). Mostly it was the shophdr that was used in war as a signal either for assembly (Jg 3", 2 S 20'), attack, or retreat (2 S 2^).

We cannot tell whether it was the shophdr or httzozcrah that is referred to often in the Books of the Maccabees (e.g. 1 Mac 3'^ aoK-n-Ly^, 4" ' trumpeted with trumpets of signals,' 5^' etc.) The watchman blew tlie shophdr to raise an alarm or to indicate impending danger (Am 3«, Jer 6', Ezk 33"), and Moore (on .Ig 6") renders shophdr by 'war-horn.' In tlie narrative of Gideon (Jg 7 ") there seems a large supply of horns in the camp, but in v.

^it is expressly said that the troops that were sent home left their horns with Gideon, thus enabling him to furnish each of his 300 men with a shophdr (see Moore, Judrjcs, p. 203 ff.) In the Jubilee year the shophdr was sounded on tlie 10th of Tishri as a signal (Lv 25' P), and this may be the origin of the synagogue usage to sound the shophdr on the conclusion of the Day of Atonement.

Possibly, however, this Is connected with the custom of sounding a trumpet (hdzozcrah) in the temple at the begin- ning and end of the Sabbath (T. Jerus. Shabbath xvii. 16rt ; B.ab. Shabbath 356; Jos. Ant. IV. ix.

12 : ' tlie top of the Pastophoria, where one of the priests usually stood and gave a signal before- hand in the evening wiili a trumjiet at tlie begin- ning of every seventh day [Friday evening], as also in the evening wlien the sabbath da}' was finished, giving notice to the people when they were to leave off work, and when they were to go to work again ').

Reverting to Bible times, a blast of trumpets announced an important event such as a ro3-al accession (1 K l"-" the shophar is named, but the ffdzozn-ah in 2 K 11"), and the popular joy was aided in the same manner on other occasions (2 S 6", cf. Ps 47'). Liturgically, the h&zozirdh was the priestly instrument par excellence (the Levites had several other instruments).

The silver trumpets were blown at the beginning of each month (Nu 10'"), but the shophdr on the New Moon of Tisliri (see Kirkpatrick's notes on Ps 81). The Talmud (Mishna, loc. cH.\ Talm. Bab. Rosh na.sliana 26ft) explains tliat the silver trumpets were not omitted on the 1st of Tishri, but that besides these a shophdr (of straight ibex horn with a golden mouthpiece — an addition unlawful except in the temple) was sounded, its notes being made to predominate ON er the trumpets.

The silver trumpets were sounded at the daily burnt-offering (2 Ch 29-''-''«, Nu 10'- =• •<>), and at the three pauses in the singing of the dailj' psalms (a later introduction) three blasts (nine in all) were sounded from the silver trumpets, and the people fell down and worshipped (2 Ch 29^ etc.) Tliere seem to have been 7 trumpets in the Levitical orchestra (so Biichler, ZATW, 1899, p. 329, on basis of 1 Ch 15-'', Neh 12^').

On the prostration as signalled by the trumpets see also Sir 50"- " ; Mishna, Tamid vii. 3. Trumpets were also used on semi-religious occasions of joy, and particularly at the Ceremony of the Water-Drawing at the Feast of Tabernacles (Mishna, Succah v. 4), a ceremony which ia very ancient, and may even underlie Is 12\ I. ABRAHAMS.