Zebidah (Hastings' Dictionary)

The daughter of Pedaiah of Kumah, and mother of king Jehoiakim, 2 K 23^ [MT omits in || 2 Ch 36»]. In Kings the LXX has : B 'leXXd dirydTitp 'EoeiX iK Kpovfii, A ElcXSdtj) BvyaTTip EUddiXd ix 'Pi'/id ; in 2 Chron.: AB Ze(*f)xw/>i Bvydrtjp ^Tjpelov iK 'Valid ; Luc. has in both tiassages 'A/tirdX Birfd-n^p 'Upc/dou [confusing with Zedelfiah's mother, 24"]. ZEBINA («)'?!) — One of the sons of Nebo who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10^ (B Zav^ivi, A om., K Za/i/Seiva, Luc. ZejSei'W).

See Zabad, No. 6. ZEBOIIM One of the five Cities of the Plain, Gn 10i» (DPS) 142- 8, Dt 292S(22) (Kuh. in all c"i!i. If (re o:i3?), Hos 11' (KHh. D-Ni? ; ^eri o'\^'i, the k being regarded as guiescent ; AV and RV here Zeboim). The LXX has uniformly 2c/3w(f)iM [but in Dt 29" P"' AF Sf/Sufio]- According to Bijlime (on Neh 1-6, p. 3) the word is punctuated in MT upon the analogy of cyis ' hyajnas,' and so as to avoid suggesting O'^s, D"3i-, or Q'kjji 'gazelles.' I'he site has not been identified.

Upon the zr-T.oi.M ZEBU LUX pns general question of tlie situation of the five Cities of the Plain see art. ZoAn. ZEBOIM 1. 'The ravine of Zebo'im ' (OTiV" "I ' ravine of the hy;enas'; BA Tai ttjj' ^aiieli/, Luc. XaSalf) is named in 1 S 13" in ilescribing the route followed by one of the linnds of Philistine mar- auders. It is ])rob. the Wddij el-]^dt or one of its branches (Buhl, GAP 98 ; G. A. Smith, IIGHL 2U1 n. I).

The name ICarfy abH dabd' ('Hya>na gor^'e') is still applied to a ravine in this nuij;h- bourhood, though perhaps not to the identical one referred to in 1 Samuel. The same locality appears to be referred to in the ^eboim (BA om., »'■' ■Ze^otln, Luc. Ze^uieh) of Neh 11". 2. Hos IP. See Zeuoii.m. ZEBUL ("7^1; Zf^oi/'X, = 'hei';ht,"high dwelling' (?), perhaps shortened from '(t'od's) dwelling' or from (Bii.al)-zelml).

— ,Jg 9'- »"■ ^- ^- ', Abimelech's otiicer (piildd) and governor {sar) of Shechem. By his loyalty and resource he dealt successfully witli an insurrection against his master's authority in Sliecheni. It was an insurrection of Shechemites against Abimelech, who was only half a Shechem- ite by birth and had u.surped his position (so Mooie, Judges 255 II'., whose arguments are con- vincing). The interpretation of 9^ is uncertain ; Moore reads 'served for ' serve 3'e' (n?

v for 'i3;), and explains, ' Abimelech and Zebul were formei ly the servants of Shechem ; why then should She- chemites serve them now?' Others take the in- surrection to have been one of Israelites against Shechemites (c.rj. Wellliausen, Composition 353 f.; liobertson Smith, ThT xx. 1886, 195-198); but this does not agree well with the rest of the narra- tive. See, further, Abimelech, No. 3. G. A. Cooke. ZEBULUN (pS;!, 1^31, p'-iDi ; ZojSot/Xiiy, Zabulon). — The tirst and .

second forms of the name in Heb. ate u.sed interchangeably ; the third occurs only in Jg 1**. Two explanations of the name are given in Gn 30'"W. In the Krst (from E) Leah exclaims 3ia ij! '.-N o'n'~ti "jiji ' God has gifted me with a good gift,' n of 121 being made equivalent to "?. In the second (from J) she cries, 'V'if 'jS?i: cysn 'this time my husband will dwell (lie) by me,' Zcbulun receiving a meaning like 'neighbour' or 'borderer' (Dillmann). From an Assyr.

root the meanin" 'will exalt (esteem) me' liius been suggested, ana Delitz.sch {Gc.ytcsii, in loc.) points out that this agrees with the LXX rendering atpemi; it seems doubtful, however, whether znb/ilu means more th.in to rarry or bear (not to lift up). Zelmlun appears in the lists of Jacob's sons, and as the ancestor of the tribe (Gn 10'^, Nu 26-"). An old Jewish tradition says he was tlie lirst of the live brethren presented by Joseph to Pharaoh [Targ. pseudo-Jon. on Gn 47").

So far as our records go, the man and his life are wrapped in oUscurity. The chief tribal families are tiiree, at the head of which stand Zcbulun's three sons : Sered, Elon, and .Jahleel, said to have been born in Canaan before t he settlement in Egj'pt (Gn 46"). In the desert journey Zeb. was placed with Issacliar in the cam]) of .ludah, eastward of the tabernacle. These marched in the van, under the standard of Judah (Nu 2'-').

The tribe then numbered 57,400 men capable of bearing arms, and the headman or 'prince' was Eliab, son of Hclon (Nu l"-*" 2'). Gaddiel, son of So(li, rcpre- eenteil Zeb. among the spies (Nu 13'°). At Shittim, after the camp hud been deva-statcd by the plague, the warriors of Zeb. are given at 60,500 (Nu 26"). Elizaphan, son of Parnacli, acted with the repre- seniatives of the other tribes in the division of the land (Nu 342»). At Shechem, Zeb.

the youngest ■on of Leah, and Reuben, who had fallen from honour, are placed with the sons of the liandm.-iids, over against the other six sons of Uachel and Leah, to make equal division of the tribes (Dt 27"). Zeb. earned no special distinction either under .Moses in the wilderness, or under Joshua during the Con- quest. In the second division of territory the lot of Zeb. came up third (Jos 1!)'")

, and there fell to him a stretch of country, richly diven-iilied, with sylvan vale, fruitful plain, and breezy height. The boundaries of Zeb. cannot now be traced with any certainty. As described in Jos 191"-"^ it marched with Issachar on the S., Nai)htali on the VI. and N.E., and Aslier on the A\ . and N.W. The eastern boundary probably ran from Tabor, along the W. border of Naplitali, as lai nmlli as Ke/r A?

ia7i (Hannathon); turning westward, it skirted the district of er-lidmeh, reaching the eastern border of Asher down the vale of 'Abilin, in which lies Ja/at, which some identify with Iphtah-el, or down Wadij cl-Kurn, further to the north (('onder) : thence it p.issed southward to the lip of Kishon, opposite Tell Knimun (Jokneam). We can hardly even guess at the southern bound- ary. Chislotli-tabor, or ChesuUoth (Ilcsul), and Daberath (Debfirieh) seem to be given to Zeb. in V.'- ; but in v."

the former, and in 2r-* the latter, are assigned to Issachar. Tabor, possibly the city on the mountain, 1 Ch 6" places in the land of Zebulun. If Deburich belonged to Issachar, this would mean possession of at least part of the mountain, perhaps the western and southern slopes. If the two tribes shared the mountain, this may be alluded to in Dt 33'". It is the most striking feature in the landscape, and round it sacred associations from of old were sure to gather.

Other identifications proposed are precarious, and, if established, would produce a very peculiar border- line. Tell Shadiid may be identified with Sarid, by the substitution of il for ;-. In that case Md'ltil caiuiot be Marala, as it lies not westward, but a little east of north from Tell Shadiid ; and not only the change of r to /, but also the intrusion of 'ain before lamed, must be accounted for.

Af;ain, it is ditlicult to conceive the line running irom Tell Sliddud past Iksal to Deburich, and then doubling back upon Yafa, as the identiiication of this last with Japhia would require. The authority for locating Gath-hepher at el-Meshcd is very slender, and the name, which is of someanticiuity, is against it. The line indicated for the western border of Nai)htali seems to throw the boundary of Zeb. further to the east; so also the identihcation of Nahalal with 'Ain Mahil.

The Blessing of Jacob (Gn 49"), which dates from the time of the Judges, or at latest not after Solomon, apparently gives Zeb. access to the sea. ' Zebulun, towards the strand of the sea he settles, he himself towards the strand of the shiiis, and his rear to, or towards, Zidon ' (Dillm.); tliis is sup- ported by Josephus (Ant. V. i. 22; BJ III. iii. 1). The boundaries between the tribes and the land held by the Canaanites must have varied from time to time, and possibly then Zeb.

held an approach to the shore, perhaps through the gorge of Kishon and along tlie base of Carmel. But the words may mean onlj' that the sea was near and easily reached ; that Zeb. bordered on the coast, i.e. the coast-lands, and not the sea itself. Delitzsch translates, 'Zebulun, near to the coast of the sea shall he dwell, yea he, near to the coast of the ships, nnd his side leans on Zidon.' The refer- ence to Zidon is obscure : Zeb. never approached that city.

Possibly the name of their chief city is given to the rich coast-lands, including Acre, from which the Phicnicians were never driven out (Jg 1"). The much later writer in Jo-shua (P) knows nothing of any 'outgoing' of the territory to the Mediterranean. 'The way of the sea' (Is 9'), the 966 ZECHARIAH ZECHARIAH great liijrliway of commerce from north and east to the harbour at Acre, wliich [)asseil tlirou^'h a large part of his land, and brought Zob.

into contact with the trade of the world, would itself enable hira to 'suck the treasures of the sea' (Dt 33"). In Zeb. four cities were given to the Levites — Jokneani, Kartah, Dimnah (Dillm. and others read Kimmun), and Nahalal (J03 21"-«). Of these, Kitron (identical with Kartah [see art. Kar- tah]) and Xalialal (probably 'Ain Mahil) re- mained in the hands of tlie Canaanites, and so cuuld not be occupied liy the Levites (Jg I*'). In 1 Ch G'^ [Heb.

*-] only Rimmono (Ruramaneh) and Tabor are named, the latter corresponding with no name in the former list. What is said of the territory of Naphtali (see art. Naphtali) applies Generally to Zeb., although the mountains of Naphtali north and north-east rise to a much greater height. Jehel Knukdb (1S50 ft.) is a prominent feature of the western land.s<'ape, and Jebel es-Sikh, N.W, of Nazareth, crowned by Neby Sain, commands one of the finest and most comprehensive views in N. Palestine.

The Tlain of Asochis, el-Bnttanf, is not so large as Esdraelon, but is equally rich and fruitful. Olive groves tlourish in the valleys, and most villages have orchards or vineyards, pro- tected by cactus hedges. Only one judge is mentioned as rising in Zebu- lun, viz. Elon, who judged Israel ten years (Jg 12"- '-). But the tribe seems always to have pro- duced men of warlike energy and enterprise. ' Marched . . from Zeb.

those Avho carry the muster-master's staff'' (Jg 5" ; ' officers who had charge of the enumeration and enrolment of troops ' [Moore]). Called by Barak to the conflict with Sisera (Jg 4'- '"), their patriotic devotion and ])rowess are specially celebr.ated in Deborah's song (.Jfrju. IS). Giileon "summoned them to the strife with Midian (.Tg 6"). To David at Hebron came from Zeb.

50,000 men of war 'who were not of double heart' (1 Ch l^'^') ; nor were gifts lacking from the produce of well-cultivated land {ib. 12'"'). Under David the headman of the tribe was Ish- niaiah, son of Obadiah (1 Ch 27"). In response to Hezekiah's invitation, despite the scoHing of others, some from Zeb. bumbled themselves and went to Jerusalem, where, althotigh not ' cleansed according to the purilicalion of the sanctuary,' they were welcomed and allowed to eat the p.ass- over (2 Ch .

SO'"- "• '*• ">). Doubtless, Zeb. shared the fate of Naphtali when, along with other dis- tricts, Galilee was carrieil into captivity by Tiglath- pileser (2 K 15'^, cf. Is 9'). The peasant farmers of Zeb. lent strength to the Jewish army in the war of independence, and their soil witnessed some of the fiercest encounters. Jotapata {Jcfat) made a heroic defence against the Romans [BJ VII.) Sepphoris became the centre of Roman .idministration in the district (Ant. XVIII. ii. 1 ; UJ III. ii. 4).

Here for a time were the headnuarters of the Jewisli Rabbis before tliey settled in Tiberias (Jost, Judcntliuin, ii. 16 tl'.) Through the territory of Zeb. from the springs at Sepphoris to the hill of Uattin, the Crusaders marched to their overthrow at the hands of Saladin. It is the chief glory of Zeb. that it afforded the infant Saviour a safe asylum ; that on its breezy uplands, in the free atmosi)here of the north.

His frame grew to maturity, and mind and heart were prepared for His mighty task. Members of this tribe are called Zebulunites (■:^i3in, ZojSoi/Xiic, Zabulon, Nu 26-'). The title •j^2in 'the Zebulunite,' is also applied to Elon the judge (Jg 12"- '=). W. Ewing. ZECHARIAH (",-i:| and .1^:1 ; Zaxap'i and -(as). —1. Brother of Ner and uncle of Saul (I Ch 9"), one of the ten sons of Jeiel or Jehiel, patriarch of Gibeon in Benjamin. He is called Zecher in 1 Ch 8*'. 2.

A Levite, one of the sons of Korah, firstborn son of Meshelemiah (1 Ch 9-' 26»- "). 3. A Levite, whose place Avas among the brethren of the second degree under the chief singera Heman, Asaph, and Ethan (1 Ch 1.5'«-»'). 4. A priest in the time of David (1 Ch 15^), one of the seven appointed to blow a tr\impet before the ark. 5. A Levite, of the family of Kohath (1 Ch 24^). 6. A Levite, of the familV of Merari (1 Ch 26"). 7. Father of Iddo ( 1 Ch 27-'). 8.

One of the i)rincea of Judah in the days of jehosliaphat (2 Ch 17'). 9. A Levite, one of the sons of .\saiih (2 Ch 20'*). 10. Son of Jehoshaphat (2 Ch 21'-), to whom, with his brethren, his father gave large gifts of silver and gold, together with certain fenced cities. Along with the other sons of the king he was slain by his brother Jehoram on his accession to the throne. 11. Son of Jehoiada the priest (2 Ch 24-°).

After Jehoiada's death, Joash, who had yielded to the evil counsels of his princes, was privy to the conspiracy against Zech., because he reproved the idolaters and announced God's judgment against them. He was stoned with stones at the commandment of the king in the court of the house of the Lord. His dying words, ' The Lord look upon it and require it,' were long remembered. See also Zachakiah. 12. A pro- phet, living in the earlier part of Uzziah's reign, i.e.

before the middle of the 8th cent., about B.C. 770, who exercised a powerful influence for "ood upon the king (2 Ch 26'). He is described as having ' understanding in the vision of God,' or giving 'instruction in the fear of God.' 13. Son of Jeroboam II., king of Israel (2 K 14-» 15«-'-).

It would seem that his father's death had been suc- ceeded by a period of confusion, and probably the interval of at least ten years between the father's death and the son's succession had been spent in incessant conHicts between rival claimants of the throne. Jeroboam died in the twenty, seventh year of Uzziah, and Zech. succeeded in the thirty- eighth J'ear of that monarch's reign (2 K 15'*). It may very well be that Zech.

was a brave soldier and a capable ruler like his father, but all that the sacred historian records of him is that, in re- spect of character and moral conduct, he followed his fathers in evil-doing. He did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, as his f.athers had done ; he departed not from tlie sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, wherewith he made Israel to sin. After a reign of si.x months he was slain by a con- spirator Shallum, who himself survived only one month. With Zech.

ended the dynasty of Jehu, according to the word of the Lord (2 K 10*'), ' thy sons of the fourth generation shall sit on the throne of Israel.' 14. A man of high repute in Isaiah's day (Is 8"). When faithful witnesses were required to attest a solemn prophetic roll, this Zech. was chosen along with Uriah the priest, lie is described as son of Jelierecliiah, and may pos- sibly be the same as the Asaphite mentioned in 2 Ch 2S^'^ as Delitzsch suggests (see No. 16). Diestel (in Schenkel, v.

130) would identify him with the prophet of Uzziah's time (see No. 12) ; but this cannot be, for the prophet referred to evidently died in the earlier years of L'zziah's reign, whereas this Zech. is represented as living in the days of Ahaz. Riehm suggests his identifi- cation with the father of Hezekiah's mother (No. 15). 15. The father of Abi or Abijah, the mother of king Hezekiah (2 K 18-, 2 Ch 29').

Murplij thinks he may be identified with the piophet mentioned in 2 Ch 26' ; but this is extremely im- probable. 16. A reforming Asaphite under Heze- kiah (2 Ch 29'^), who took part in the cleansing of the house of the Lord. 17. Head of a house of tha ZECHARIAH, BOOK OF ZECHAEIAH, BOOK OF 967 Reubenites (1 Cli 5'), one of the bretliren of Beerah, who as one of tlie princes of tlie Reubenites was taken away captive into AssjTia by Tiglatli- pileser in the days of Pekah king of Israel, about Ii.

C. 734. 18. A Levite, one of the sons of Kohath (2 Ch 34"), in the days of Josiah. In the work of repairing the temple, about B.C. 620, tliisZecli. was one of the overseers. 19. One of the nilers of the temple under Josiah (2 Ch 35"). As Hilkiah men- tioned immediately before was chief priest, Zecli. was probably second priest (liT^^ iv^> ''1^6 Zeph- aniali in Jer 52-'*, '1 K 25"). He is also named in 1 Es V. See Zacuarias, 1. 20. The prophet. See next article. 21.

One of the family of I'arosli or i'horos, who accompanied Ezra from Babylon to Jerusalem in B.C. 458 (Ezr 8^ 1 Es 8^"). 22. Son of IJebai (Ezr 8"), leader of the twentj'-eight sons of Bebai who returned to Jerusalem witli Ezra. 23. One of the chief men with whom Ezra con- sulted at the river Ahava or Theras near B.abylon (Ezr 8". See also 1 Es 8"). 24. A descen<l.ant of Elam, one of the people who had taken foreign wives, and who undertook under Ezra's reforma- tion to put them aw.ay (Ezr KP").

See also 1 Es 9". 2S. One of tlie descendants of Perez (Pharez), son of Judah, whose descendant, Athaiiili, was one of the heads of the children of Judah settled in Jerusalem after the return from Babylon (Neh 11<). 26. Called the son of the Shilonite (Neh 11°), a descendant of Shelah, son of Judah, whose descendant, Maa,seiah, was one of the heads of the children of Judali settled in Jeru- salem after the return from the Exile. 27. Son of Paslihur.

a priest and courtier under Zedekiah, whose descendant, Adaiali, \v;i.s one of the priests t-etiled in Jerusalem under Nehemiah (Neh 11'-). 28. An Asaphite, son of Jonatluin, who, 'with musical instruments of David, the man of God,' took part with Ezra in giving thanks at the dedi- cation of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12^). 29. A priest, one of the bloweis of trumpets at the dedi- cation of the wall of Jerusalem, who took part in that thanksgiving service (Neh 12*'). J. Macpherson.